Physical and chemical processes of wintertime secondary nitrate aerosol formation

The UCD/CIT model was modified to include a process analysis (PA) scheme for gas and particulate matter (PM) to study the formation of secondary nitrate aerosol during a stagnant wintertime air pollution episode during the California Regional PM_2.5/PM₁₀ Air Quality Study (CRPAQS) where detailed measurements of PM components are available at a few sites. Secondary nitrate is formed in the urban areas from near the ground to a few hundred meters above the surface during the day with a maximum modeled net increase rate of 4 μg·m^-3·d^-1 during the study episode. The secondary nitrate formation rate in rural areas is lower due to lower NO₂. In the afternoon hours, near-surface temperature can be high enough to evaporate the particulate nitrate. In the nighttime hours, both the gas phase N₂O₅ reactions with water vapor and the N₂O₅ heterogeneous reactions with particle-bound water are important for secondary nitrate formation. The N₂O₅ reactions are most import near the surface to a few hundred meters above surface with a maximum modeled net secondary nitrate increase rate of 1 μg·m^-3·d^-1 and are more significant in the rural areas where the O₃ concentrations are high at night. In general, vertical transport during the day moves the nitrate formed near the surface to higher elevations. During the stagnant days, process analysis indicates that the nitrate concentration in the upper air builds up and leads to a net downward flux of nitrate through vertical diffusion and a rapid increase of surface nitrate concentration.     

粗苯酐与杂醇油综合利用制备增塑剂的研究

在固体酸催化下 ,粗苯酐与杂醇油直接酯化再经减压蒸馏制备邻苯二甲酸C4 ～C5混合酯增塑剂 ,经中试生产表明 ,该工艺技术是可行的 ,苯酐及C4 ～C5醇回收利用率均可达 90 %以上 ,且废水排放量很少。其最佳工艺条件为 :(1)酯化反应　 (C4 ～C5醇 )∶(苯酐 ) =2 6∶1 0 ,催化剂用量为反应物总质量的 1 5 % ,温度 110～ 16 0℃ ,时间 5h ,反应在搅拌下进行 ;(2 )减压蒸馏　蒸馏压力 <2 0kPa。     

V2O5/ACF催化剂用于烟气低温脱硝的研究

采用等体积浸渍法制备V_2O_5/ACF,CuO/ACF和Fe_2O_3/ACF催化剂,在H_2O和SO_2存在下,三种催化剂选择性催化还原(SCR)NO_x的活性依次为V_2O_5/ACF>CuO/ACF>Fe_2O_3/ACF.对V_2O_5/ACF催化剂中V_2O_5担载量、反应温度和反应空速对脱硝活性的研究表明,当H_2O和SO_2存在时,V_2O_5的最佳负载量为0.5wt%,在反应温度为180℃,空速为2000 h~(-1)时,NO转化率可达84%,表明该催化剂具有良好的抗H_2O和SO_2毒化的能力.     

The socially optimal recycling rate: Evidence from Japan

This paper estimates the average social cost of municipal waste management as a function of the recycling rate. Social costs include all municipal costs and revenues, costs to recycling households to prepare materials estimated with an original method, external disposal costs, and external recycling benefits. Results suggest average social costs are minimized with recycling rates well below observed and mandated levels in Japan. Cost-minimizing municipalities are estimated to recycle less than the optimal rate. These results are robust to changes in the components of social costs, indicating that Japan and perhaps other developed countries may be setting inefficiently high recycling goals.     

淡水水生生物对阿特拉津除草剂的敏感度

针对水环境中普遍存在的农药污染问题,以阿特拉津除草剂作为研究对象,梳理、整合阿特拉津对水生生态系统中不同营养级水生生物的急、慢性毒性数据,构建了基于对数-逻辑斯蒂分布的水生生物物种敏感度分布模型,分析并对比了阿特拉津对不同类群和不同区系水生生物急慢性毒性敏感度差异. 结果表明,水生动物和植物、无脊椎动物(包括甲壳类、昆虫类、软体动物和蠕虫类)和脊椎动物(包括鱼类和两栖类动物)对阿特拉津敏感度均存在显著差异. 分析了阿特拉津对不同类群水生生物的HC₅(5%危险浓度)值,其中对水生动物和植物的急性毒性HC₅值分别为4257.94和12.55μg/L,慢性毒性的HC₅值分别为2.47和1.95μg/L;对水生脊椎动物和无脊椎动物的HC₅值分别为7490.31和1611.76μg/L;对甲壳类和鱼类的HC₅值分别为1201.16和6639.90μg/L. 在保护95%的物种水平下,不同类群试验生物对阿特拉津的敏感度排序为水生植物>水生动物、水生无脊椎动物>水生脊椎动物、甲壳类动物>鱼类. 从统计学角度分析,中国水生动物与北美水生动物对阿特拉津的敏感度差异不显著. 但是,中美两国间相对特有水生动物物种对阿特拉津的敏感度存在一定的差异.      

Estimate of sea loading by pollutants originating from the littoral counties in the Republic of Croatia

The paper reviews the data of 10 yr of following up sewage (waste water) inflows of anthropological origin into the sea from all the coastal settlements in Croatia. In particular, we report the sea loading by biochemical oxygen demand (BOD₅), expressed by the inhabitant equivalent (I.E.), for seven littoral counties. We estimated the loading of a coastal sea area for each county separately. The objective was to avoid any over- or underestimation of amounts and significance of sewage inflows into the seawater. For this purpose, a precisely determined sea volume up to the 10 m isobath has been chosen. Because of the inadequate treatment of wastewater, the total loading of that maritime territory expressed in terms of i.e. was found to be 26% higher than expected from the actual number of inhabitants. However, daily input represents only 12‰ of the considered volume of the sea. Recipient spent only 0.7% of the disposable oxygen quantity in the sea.     

基于AHP的模糊综合评价法在建筑施工安全评价中的应用

建筑业是高危行业,其安全生产状况一直受到社会各界的关注。随着我国经济建设的迅速发展,建筑产业更是突飞猛进。近几年来,建筑安全事故屡有发生,呈不断上升的趋势。确定了建筑施工安全性的评价指标体系,提出基于 AHP 和模糊综合评价法的评价模型,以及建筑施工安全性的等级划分,并应用该模型对某建筑施工现场进行了实际评价。根据评价结果和存在的问题提出了一些可行的对策措施,对于建筑施工的安全生产有一定的指导作用。     

海洋石油作业现场安全管理探讨

简要分析了现场作业安全管理面临的问题,一是不安全行为难以控制,二是安全法规难以落实.在此基础上,阐述了“五想五不干”提示卡提出的背景和依据,介绍了“五想五不干”的具体内容,说明了提示卡的使用方法、注意事项及使用原则,强调了危险辨识对于使用提示卡的重要性,并总结了提示卡在中海油现场作业安全管理过程中的实践经验和体会,归纳了提示卡对于现场作业安全管理的意义和对其它行业现场作业安全管理的建议.     

Sb2O5/TiO2催化超声降解甲基橙溶液

采用实验室合成的Sb2O5掺杂TiO2作为催化剂,研究各种因素对甲基橙的超声催化降解反应的影响.结果表明,在Sb2O5掺杂TiO2催化剂作用下,甲基橙的超声催化降解效果明显优于单独使用TiO2的情况.1.5%掺杂量的催化剂,用量在1.0～1.5 g/L之间,超声波频率25 kHz,输出功率1.0 W/cm2,pH为1.0～3.0时,初始浓度为20 mg/L的甲基橙水溶液,100 min左右基本可全部降解,COD去除率达到99.0%以上.Sb2O5掺杂TiO2催化超声降解有机污染物的方法具有很好的应用前景.