Junge relationships in measurement data for cyclic siloxanes in air

In 1974, Junge postulated a relationship between variability of concentrations of gases in air at remote locations and their atmospheric residence time, and this Junge relationship has subsequently been observed empirically for a range of trace gases. Here, we analyze two previously-published datasets of concentrations of cyclic volatile methyl siloxanes (cVMS) in air and find Junge relationships in both. The first dataset is a time series of concentrations of decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (D₅) measured between January and June, 2009 at a rural site in southern Sweden that shows a Junge relationship in the temporal variability of the measurements. The second dataset consists of measurements of hexamethylcyclotrisiloxane (D₃), octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (D₄) and D₅ made simultaneously at 12 sites in the Global Atmospheric Passive Sampling (GAPS) network that shows a Junge relationship in the spatial variability of the three cVMS congeners. We use the Junge relationship for the GAPS dataset to estimate atmospheric lifetimes of dodecamethylcyclohexasiloxane (D₆), 8:2–fluorotelomer alcohol and trichlorinated biphenyls that are within a factor of 3 of estimates based on degradation rate constants for reaction with hydroxyl radical determined in laboratory studies.     

Linking empirical estimates of body burden of environmental chemicals and wellness using NHANES data

Biomonitoring of industrial chemicals in human tissues and fluids has shown that all people carry a “body burden” of synthetic chemicals. Although measurement of an environmental chemical in a person's tissues/fluids is an indication of exposure, it does not necessarily mean the exposure concentration is sufficient to cause an adverse effect. Since humans are exposed to multiple chemicals, there may be a combination effect (e.g., additive, synergistic) associated with low-level exposures to multiple classes of contaminants, which may impact a variety of organ systems. The objective of this research is to link measures of body burden of environmental chemicals and a “holistic” measure of wellness. The approach is demonstrated using biomonitoring data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES). Forty-two chemicals were selected for analysis based on their detection levels. Six biological pathway-specific indices were evaluated using groups of chemicals associated with each pathway. Five of the six pathways were negatively associated with wellness. Three non-zero interaction terms were detected which may provide empirical evidence of crosstalk across pathways. The approach identified five of the 42 chemicals from a variety of classes (metals, pesticides, furans, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) as accounting for 71% of the weight linking body burden to wellness. Significant interactions were detected indicating the effect of smoking is exacerbated by body burden of environmental chemicals. Use of a holistic index on both sides of the exposure-health equation is a novel and promising empirical “systems biology” approach to risk evaluation of complex environmental exposures.     

负载V2O5-WO3/TiO2掺炭纤维脱除烟气中Hg0

通过固定床实验系统研究烟气脱除零价汞的实验,首先研究了滤袋常用的聚苯硫醚（polyphenylene sulfide,PPS）以及活性炭纤维（activated carbon fiber,ACF）在不同温度、不同气体组分下负载V₂O₅-WO₃/TiO₂催化剂,对模拟燃煤烟气中零价汞（Hg⁰）的脱除效果。然后对比研究了活性炭纤维协同滤袋常用纤维负载催化剂后,对模拟燃煤烟气中Hg⁰的脱除性能。结果表明,在汞蒸气入口浓度为50 μg/m³,纯N₂气氛下,当温度为25℃时,两者脱除率均能达到99%,当温度为200℃,负载催化剂的活性炭纤维脱除率在30%左右,PPS纤维仅为10%左右。在200℃情况下,模拟烟气的组分为N₂+O₂时,2种纤维的Hg⁰脱除率提高了10%~20%,当在混合气体中添加0.01‰后,负载催化剂的PPS纤维Hg⁰脱除率能达到80%,活性炭纤维Hg⁰脱除率能达到98%。当温度为200℃,模拟烟气的组分为N₂+O₂+HCl时,不同性能掺炭纤维负载催化剂后Hg⁰脱除率在69%~95%范围之间变化,其中PPS掺炭纤维对Hg⁰脱除效率最高达到95%,因此,负载V₂O₅-WO₃/TiO₂催化剂的PPS掺炭纤维能在高温烟气中保持较高的Hg⁰脱除率。     

菌株RB5-M1脱色活性黑5的动力学及固定化条件

通过研究嗜水气单胞菌RB5-M1菌株对活性黑5的脱色过程,探讨了菌株脱色不同初始浓度的活性黑5的动力学模型,并从机械强度、包埋量和渗漏量3个方面,对菌株的固定化条件进行了优化。结果表明,当初始染料浓度为50、100、150、200、250和300 mg/L时,菌株脱色活性黑5的动力学过程均更为符合Monod零级反应模型。当冷却温度为30℃、PVA与海藻酸钠浓度比为10∶1、氯化钙浓度为2%、明胶浓度0.2%时,可以获得机械强度较好、包埋量较多的固定化颗粒。当氯化钙浓度2%、明胶浓度0.3%、PVA与海藻酸钠浓度9∶2、冷却温度20℃,可获得渗漏量较少的固定化颗粒。     

自制ZSM-5分子筛对甲苯气体的吸附-脱附性能

考察了自制ZSM-5分子筛对甲苯气体的吸附-脱附性能,并与市售MCM-22分子筛进行了对比实验。实验结果表明:在吸附温度为25℃、进口甲苯质量浓度为840mg/m3、吸附气体流速为0.016m/s、床层高度为15cm的条件下,出口甲苯质量浓度达到0.8mg/m3时的穿透时间为82min,吸附效率为4.26mg/g;在脱附温度为80℃、脱附气体流速为0.016m/s的条件下,脱附35min时出口甲苯质量浓度达到最大,为1220mg/m3。自制ZSM-5分子筛的吸附-脱附性能优于市售MCM-22分子筛。     

脱硝性能V2O5-WO3-CeO2/TiO2催化剂的制备及其

采用一步浸渍法和分步浸渍法分别制备了V_2O_5-WO_3-CeO_2/TiO_2催化剂,考查了其脱硝性能、抗SO_2中毒性能和脱硝活性稳定性,并通过SEM、EDS、XRD、激光拉曼等技术对催化剂进行了表征。实验结果表明:分步浸渍法制备的催化剂的脱硝活性优于一步浸渍法,且抗SO_2中毒能力更强;在m(V_2O_5)∶m(WO_3)∶m(CeO_2)∶m(TiO_2)=1∶5∶10∶100时催化剂脱硝活性最佳,且具有良好的脱硝活性稳定性。表征结果显示,分步浸渍法与一步浸渍法制备的催化剂晶型结构相差不大,而分步浸渍法制备的催化剂颗粒粒径更小、更均匀,催化剂中Ce、O、V和W元素的含量更高。     

旋转填充床中Fenton+O_3氧化降解模拟阿莫西林废水

以旋转填充床(RPB)作为反应装置,研究了Fenton工艺与Fenton+O3工艺处理模拟阿莫西林废水的效果,考察了FeSO4·7H2O的投加量、温度、旋转床转速、液体流量及pH对COD去除率的影响。实验表明,Fenton+O3工艺的COD脱除率及BOD5/COD相对于Fenton工艺分别提升26.7%和140%。该工艺在pH为3、温度为25℃、液体流量30 L/h、气体流量2.5 L/h、转速800 r/min、H2O2的投加量为1 mmol/L及Fe2+投加量为0.4 mmol/L的条件下,100 mg/L的模拟阿莫西林废水中COD的去除率达到57.9%,BOD5/COD从0增加到0.36,满足后续生化处理要求。     

负载V2O5-WO3／TiO2掺炭纤维脱除烟气中Hg^0

通过固定床实验系统研究烟气脱除零价汞的实验,首先研究了滤袋常用的聚苯硫醚（polyphenylene sulfide,PPS）以及活性炭纤维（activated carbon fiber,ACF）在不同温度、不同气体组分下负载V2O5-WO3／TiO2催化剂,对模拟燃煤烟气中零价汞（Hg^0）的脱除效果。然后对比研究了活性炭纤维协同滤袋常用纤维负载催化剂后,对模拟燃煤烟气中Hg^0的脱除性能。结果表明,在汞蒸气人口浓度为50μg／m^3,纯N2气氛下,当温度为25℃时,两者脱除率均能达到99％,当温度为200℃,负载催化剂的活性炭纤维脱除率在30％左右,PPS纤维仅为10％左右。在200℃情况下,模拟烟气的组分为N2＋O2时,2种纤维的Hg^0脱除率提高了10％～20％,当在混合气体中添加0．01％。后,负载催化剂的PPS纤维Hg^0脱除率能达到80％,活性炭纤维Hg^0脱除率能达到98％。当温度为200℃,模拟烟气的组分为N2＋O2＋HCl时,不同性能掺炭纤维负载催化剂后Hg^0脱除率在69％～95％范围之间变化,其中PPS掺炭纤维对Hg^0脱除效率最高达到95％,因此,负载V2O5-WO3／TiO2催化剂的PPS掺炭纤维能在高温烟气中保持较高的Hg^0脱除率。     

基于遥感的上海崇明东滩湿地典型植被净初级生产力估算

湿地是具有丰富的生物多样性和较高生产力的生态系统,在全球碳循环中占有重要地位。湿地植被净初级生产力（NPP）是衡量湿地生态系统健康状况的重要指标。以上海崇明东滩湿地3种典型植被--芦苇、海三棱藨草、互花米草为研究对象,结合实地调查、实验室测定和遥感技术进行湿地植被净初级生产力估算研究。首先,设置湿地3种典型植被样方,测量植被鲜重、高度、密度、盖度和叶面积指数（LAI）等反映植被生物学特性的特征参数,按不同植被类型分别建立基于LAI的样方NPP回归模型;其次,利用一景相近时相的SPOT5影像,经过几何纠正和辐射定标后,采用面向对象分类方法对影像分类,同时,计算出能较好地反映植被特征和消除土壤背景影响的修正土壤调节植被指数（MSAVI）,建立了基于MSAVI的3种典型植被LAI遥感估测模型;最后,分别根据样方3种典型植被的NPP估测模型以及LAI遥感估测模型,进行尺度化转换,估算出崇明东滩湿地典型植被净初级生产力。模型简单可行,精度较高,可为快速定量评估湿地植被碳贡献及碳储量提供依据     

大气颗粒物监测分析及今后研究课题

概述了 PM1 0 和 PM2 .5今后的研究方向。目前我国尚未开展 PM2 .5的常规监测 ,PM1 0 的自动监测中尚存在一些技术问题 ,且尚未公布 PM1 0 自动监测的技术性标准 ,为了满足各级环境监测站的工作需求 ,在附录中介绍了国外关于PM1 0 和 PM2 .5的监测仪器和方法标准 ,并介绍了 2 0 0 0年日本颁布的 PM2 .5自动监测技术规定