Water quality of the King Abdullah Canal/Jordan–impact on eutrophication and water disinfection

The King Abdullah Canal (KAC) is an artificial water conveyor serving as raw water source for drinking water supply of Amman and for irrigation purposes in the Jordan Valley. The main water sources for KAC originate from the Yarmouk River, the Mukheiba Wells, and the Peace Conveyor. Water samples were collected from December 2002 to May 2004 to investigate changes in physicochemical parameters and parameters related to eutrophication along KAC. The catchment area of KAC is highly heterogeneous in terms of topography, climate, geologic conditions, and land use, resulting in great variations in the physicochemical composition of the canal water. The Yarmouk River and the Mukheiba Wells reflect the water quality of precipitation without much dissolution of halides, whereas the Peace Conveyor shows a groundwater characteristic. Main dischargers of N and P compounds are the Yarmouk River, and dams and wadis along KAC. The concentrations in the canal are mostly above eutrophication level for N and P. Along KAC there is an increase in chlorophyll a concentration and plankton counts. The formation potentials for trihalomethanes (THMs) and for integrated organically bound halogens are determined by chlorination to evaluate the consequences of water disinfection. Due to relatively high bromide concentration mainly brominated THMs are formed.     

废水中可吸附有机卤化物的来源、测定方法及去除技术的研究进展

简述了废水中可吸附有机卤化物(AOX)的定义、来源和危害,以及国内外废水中AOX排放的相关法规。详细介绍了微库仑法、中子活化法、三维荧光法等AOX测定方法,以及物理法、化学法、生物法3种AOX去除技术的研究进展。并对工业废水中AOX的检测、表征及其针对性处理提出了今后的研究方向。     

EOX concentrations in sediment in the part of the Bothnian Bay affected by effluents from the pulp and paper mills at Kemi, Northern Finland

The Bothnian Bay, which is the northernmost part of the Gulf of Bothnia in Northern Finland, is affected by effluents discharged from point sources such as the pulp and paper mills of Stora Enso Oyj Veitsiluoto Mill and Oy Metsä-Botnia Ab Kemi Mill at Kemi, and the Kemi municipal sewage plant, as well as the River Kemijoki. In this paper we discuss, how modernisation of the wastewater treatment plant at the mills, and process investments in the Best Available Techniques (BAT) for effluent treatment, have decreased the effluent discharges of biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total phosphorus (Tot-P), total nitrogen (TOT-N), total suspended solids (TSS) and adsorbable organically bound halogens (AOX) from the mills since 1988. One specific aim of the study was to determine the EOX (Extractable Organically Bound Halogens) concentrations in bottom sediment of the Bothnian Bay in order to assess whether the EOX concentrations reflect the reduction in discharges of chlorinated compounds. According to the monitoring program carried out every third year between 1997–2006, the decreasing trend in EOX concentrations in the top 2 cm of the bottom sediment reflect the decrease in organochlorine discharges (AOX) from the mills. In 1997 the EOX concentrations in bottom sediment varied between 3–70 μg of Cl g^?1 (dry weight), and in 2006 between 3.3–32 μg of Cl g^?1 (dry weight).     

造纸行业AOX排海浓度预测及渔业影响分析

在海洋潮流数值模拟的基础上,建立了AOX的输运-扩散模型,并将模型应用于湛江某造纸厂的排海工程中,以预测造纸废水中AOX排海后的浓度分布情况。结合AOX的组分特性,并参照"渔业水质标准"(GB11607-89),选取五氯酚钠作为评价指标,评估AOX排放对于海域水环境质量的影响,分析其排放程度对渔业的影响程度,从而为更好地保护海洋资源提供科学依据。     

含Br-废水高级氧化过程AOX生成特性研究

在焦化废水中投加Br^-模拟含Br^-难降解废水,研究UV/H₂O₂和UV/PDS两种高级氧化工艺在实现TOC优化去除条件下可吸附有机卤素（Adsorbable Organic Halogens,AOX）的生成特性.通过响应曲面法优化反应条件,实现废水中TOC高效去除,但Br^-浓度从50 mg·L^-1增至150mg·L^-1时,UV/H₂O₂和UV/PDS出水AOX浓度分别从0.56 mg·L^-1和0.65 mg·L^-1升高至1.44 mg·L^-1和1.63 mg·L^-1,远高于进水AOX浓度(0.08mg·L^-1);对活性卤代成分（RHS）稳态浓度的模拟结果表明UV/PDS中RHS浓度总体高于UV/H₂O₂,是造成二者出水AOX浓度区别的重要原...     

Formation of organochlorine compounds in kraft pulp bleaching processes

The most abundant volatile organochlorine compounds (VOCCs), trichloroacetic and dichloroacetic acids and AOX, were determined in bleaching effluent and waste water from three kraft pulp mills during ClO₂ bleaching. 0.6–7.7 g of VOCCs per ton bleached pulp were formed, the most abundant being chloroform and dichloroacetic acid methyl ester. Most of the VOCCs were removed during treatment, and it was estimated that 2–30 t of VOCCs would be removed annually from activated sludge treatment plants in Finnish kraft pulp mills using elemental chlorine free bleaching, most likely by volatilization. Dichloroacetic acid was formed in considerably higher amounts than trichloroacetic acid, and both compounds were removed effectively during treatment. The formation of all organochlorine compounds decreased considerably when non-chlorinated bleaching was employed.     

纳米Ni/Fe用于去除染料生产废水二级生物处理出水中AOX和色度的研究

用纳米Ni/Fe材料深度处理染料生产废水的生物处理出水,考察了不同Ni负载量(质量分数0~5%)、废水初始p H值(4.1~10.0)、Ni/Fe投加量(1~5 g·L-1)、反应时间(0.5~96 h)下对可吸附性有机卤代物(absorbable organic halogens,AOX)的去除率和脱色率.结果表明,AOX和色度去除率随Ni负载量的增加先升高后减少,随废水初始p H值的降低和Ni/Fe投加量的增加而持续提高.最优化条件为Ni负载量1%、废水初始p H 4.1和Ni/Fe投加量3 g·L-1,该条件下AOX和色度的24 h去除率分别为29.2%和79.6%,96 h去除率分别为50.6%和80.7%.GC-MS分析表明经材料处理后废水中氯代苯胺类、对硝基苯胺、4-甲氧基-2-硝基苯胺及卤代烷烃等有毒有害物质得到高效去除.     

微库仑法测定制浆造纸漂白废水的AOX研究

介绍Multi X2500总有机卤素分析仪对制浆造纸漂白废水中可吸附有机卤素(AOX)的测定;水样用硝酸调pH ＜2后,以双根活性炭玻璃填充柱法或振荡法进行吸附;将吸附有机物的活性炭在氧气流中燃烧热解、用微库仑法测定其卤化氢.试验结果显示,双根活性炭玻璃填充柱吸附法优于振荡吸附法.纯水中不同含氯量的加标实验平均回收率为86.0％～ 108％,实际水样加标实验回收率为86.3％～ 107％.     

医院污水处理中可吸附有机卤化物(AOX)及其毒性研究

对序批式膜生物反应器（MBR）处理前后医院污水中的AOX进行了比较,分析了c_Rt值对不同水质中AOX生成量的影响及相应的生物毒性.结果表明,序批式MBR对医院污水中AOX的去除率达到63.6％,其中膜截留占14.5％;要获得相同的c_Rt值,原污水所需的投氯量显著高于MBR出水,相应生成的AOX浓度也较高;通过曲线拟合发现,随着c_Rt的增长,医院原污水中AOX浓度呈指数增长,而MBR出水呈线性关系.以粪大肠杆菌为指示微生物,要达到医院污水微生物排放标准（GB 18466-2005）,医院原污水所需c_Rt为5.5 (mg·h)/L,而MBR出水只需c_Rt为0.007 5 (mg·h)/L,其相应的生物毒性分别为40.39 μg/L和8.96 μg/L (以K₂Cr₂O₇计),AOX浓度分别为607.1 μg/L和102.5 μg/L.     

印染及染料行业废水生物处理系统中的AOX污染研究

在印染和染料行业发达的长三角地区选取了6家大型印染企业和4家大型染料生产企业,研究了废水和生物处理污泥中AOX的污染水平,并使用气相色谱质谱分析了AOX的物质结构特征.结果表明,6家印染企业的废水原水AOX质量浓度较低,为0.15~1.62 mg·L-1,处理出水AOX质量浓度为0.06~1.30 mg·L-1,满足《纺织染整工业水污染物排放标准》的特别排放限值8 mg·L-1;活性污泥中AOX含量一般都低于621 mg·kg-1,但个别企业含量很高,达到3 280 mg·kg-1.染料生产企业废水原水的AOX质量浓度差异较大,为1.70~78.72 mg·L-1,出水AOX质量浓度为1.88~33.11 mg·L-1,远高于印染企业出水;污泥中AOX含量也普遍较高,为960~2 297 mg·kg-1.染料废水中的有机卤代物主要包括氯苯类、氯硝基苯类、氯苯胺类、氯硝基苯胺类及卤代苯酚类物质.卤代苯酚类和氯硝基苯胺类较易被生物去除;单氯苯胺、单氯硝基苯类比多氯苯胺、氯硝基苯类易被生物去除;而多氯苯类物质较易被生物去除从而产生较难生物去除的氯苯.