基于GIS的城镇建筑物易损性分析与应用研究

利用城镇地籍数据信息,基于GIS软件进行建筑物易损性和居民安全风险分析与应用研究。通过对某县城中最具代表性的一个街坊建筑物的易损性分析和居民安全风险分析实例应用研究,重点讨论并实现了利用现有数字化地籍图、城镇地籍数据库及土地调查记录等信息;并结合建筑物震害损失评估模型和人员伤亡预测方法,完成不同结构类型的建筑物在不同地震烈度条件下的破坏造成的经济损失评估和人员伤亡程度的预测,对城市防灾减灾进行辅助决策支持与评估。     

Disaster risk reduction capacity assessment for precarious settlements in Guatemala City

This study presents findings of an institutional capacity analysis of urban disaster risk reduction for informal settlements in the Guatemala Metropolitan Region. It uses a resource access perspective of vulnerability, actor-network theory, and qualitative data collection. The analysis reveals that there is interest in disaster risk reduction for the informal settlements; however, there is little in the way of direct financial or oversight relationships between informal settlement residents and all other actors. Respondents observed that informal settlements would probably remain inhabited; thus, there is a need for disaster risk reduction within these settlements. Disaster risk reduction capacity for informal settlements exists and can be further leveraged, as long as steps are taken to ensure appropriate access to and control of resources and oversight. Further, the nascent institutional arrangements should be strengthened through increased communication and coordination between actors, a decentralization of oversight and financial relationships, and mediation of identified resource conflicts.     

高分辨率遥感图像在城市快速震害预测中的应用研究

以河南省某县城为例,通过分析高分辨率遥感图像,获取建筑物的属性信息,结合相关调查数据,建立震害矩阵,得到震害预测结果,计算综合地震危险性指数,评价该区域综合抗震能力。与实际调研结果对比后发现,基于高分表率遥感图像的建筑物信息提取技术具有较高精度,能够满足大范围快速震害预测的需要。     

资源型城市产业协同机会和能力评价研究

我国资源型城市在建设过程中为国家发展提供了大量的能源和原材料,但随着资源的耗费和受经济体制改革等因素的影响,资源型城市的发展遇到了前所未有的挑战.关注资源型城市的产业协同发展可以为资源型城市的可持续发展提供有益的借鉴.但如何发现并开展资源型城市产业协同项目尚缺乏有效的方法和途径.本文在重点关注开展产业协同影响要素的基础上,借鉴澳大利亚奎纳纳地区的产业协同实践和产业协同能力评价模型,通过国外产业协同机会确认模型的介绍,结合澳大利亚奎纳纳地区的三个产韭协同实践案例,分别介绍伴生产品协同和基本生产资料协同两种产业协同的主要实现方式.通过产业协同实现地区和产业的可持续发展.其主要的影响因素包括可行的技术、可靠的企业和运行许可.这些模型运用到实践均可促进我国资源型城市的良好发展.     

Local Air Quality Impacts due to Downwash Around Thermal Power Plants: Numerical Simulations of the Effect of Building Orientation

One of the primary adverse environmental impacts associated with power generation facilities and in particular thermal power plants is local air quality. When these plants are operated at inland areas the dry type cooling towers used may significantly increase ambient concentrations of air pollutants due to the building downwash effect. When one or more buildings in the vicinity of a point source interrupt wind flow, an area of turbulence known as a building wake is created. Pollutants emitted from relatively low level sources can be caught in this turbulence affecting their dispersion. In spite of the fact that natural gas-fired combined-cycle power plants have lower air emission levels compared to other power plants using alternative fossil fuel, they can still create significant local air pollution problems. In this paper, local air quality impacts of a natural gas-fired combined-cycle power plant located in a coastal area are compared with those of another natural gas-fired combined-cycle power plant having identical air emissions but located in an inland area taking into account differences in topography and meteorology. Additionally, a series of scenarios for the inland site have been envisaged to illustrate the importance of plant lay-out configurations paying particular attention to the building downwash effect. Model results showed that different geometrical configurations of the stacks and cooling towers will cause remarkable differences in ambient air pollutant concentrations; thus it is concluded that when selecting a plant site, a detailed site-specific investigation should be conducted in order to achieve the least possible ambient air pollution concentrations with the given emissions.     

中国可持续发展战略实施的进展及其趋势

本文对中国实施可持续发展战略的现状和进展进行了全国的回顾和总结,对未来中国可持续发展的整体态势和主要趋势进行了分析和展望。     

大空间公用建筑火灾积木式多功能火蔓延特性实验台的研制

针对大空间公用建筑火灾火蔓延的特点,在积木式设计原理的指导下,完成了大空间公用建筑火灾积木式多功能火蔓延实验台的建造,并对变换火蔓延实验方式的组合拼接方法给予了详细说明。     

无机抗菌剂在建筑涂料中的应用研究

研究了5种无机抗菌剂:锌型沸石抗菌剂、银型沸石抗菌剂、氧化锌晶须复合抗菌剂、纳米TiO2光催化抗菌剂和Ca10-x-yTixZny(PO4)6(OH)2复合抗菌剂在涂料中的应用。以对大肠杆菌(E.coli)的灭菌效果评价抗菌性能。结果表明:锌型抗菌涂料的抗菌效果较差,后4种类型抗菌涂料具有很好抗菌效果。但是,银型抗菌剂和氧化锌晶须复合抗菌剂在涂料中存在易引起涂料变色和难分散问题;纳米TiO2光催化型抗菌剂在涂料中易加快涂料老化;而Ca10-x-yTixZny(PO4)6(OH)2复合抗菌剂既具有良好的抗菌性能,又对涂料的基本性能没有影响,它能够应用到抗菌涂料中。     

基于能力谱的建筑物震害评估及城市抗震规划

为减轻地震建筑物破坏带来的人员伤亡和经济损失,根据能力谱方法计算7度和8度地震影响下建筑物的破坏状态,在此基础上进行城市抗震规划。首先把城市建筑物分成钢筋混凝土、砌体、钢框架及木结构4类;然后利用能力谱方法得到建筑物各种损坏状态的概率及震害指数;最后提出抗震规划措施,在GIS环境下可视化表达建筑物震害分级图。结果表明,中层小于低层和高层建筑物的震害指数;对低层和中层建筑物,钢筋混凝土的抗震能力较强。7度地震时,未设防和低设防建筑物的震害指数在0.5和1.0之间,轻微破坏;部分中等设防和高设防建筑物的震害指数小于0.5,基本完好。8度地震时,4类建筑物的震害指数在0.5～1.0之间,轻微破坏。进行城市抗震规划后,建筑物受7度地震影响时基本完好,受8度地震影响时轻微破坏。     

自然通风下高层建筑条形走廊烟气控制的研究

运用长廊型风洞为实验模型,通过实验与模拟对比的方法,应用FDS软件,模拟研究自然通风下走廊中常见几种烟气控制模式的效果。分析比较各个模式下温度、烟气浓度等的模拟结果得出,在有自然通风下,挡烟垂壁在火灾初期对延缓烟气扩散效果明显,随着火灾的发展,挡烟垂壁几乎没有效果。采用机械排烟后,走廊内温度与烟气浓度均有明显下降,火灾初期走廊内平均温度明显降低,在火灾后期走廊内烟气浓度降低明显。在排烟量不变情况下,采用两个排烟口比单个排烟口排烟效果更好,240s时走廊内CO2浓度相比下降21%。在前室门口设置防烟空气幕可以防止烟气进入前室,利于人员疏散并大幅降低走廊内烟气浓度和温度。开启两个排烟口和挡烟垂壁,结合前室门前设置防烟空气幕,可以达到最好的烟气控制效果,240s时走廊内CO2浓度下降59%,CO浓度下降58%。