园林工程与生态实验室建设初探

为了适应园林工程与生态保护的实验课程建设,建议建设园林工程与生态实验室;该实验室将建立三个分实验室,即园林规划设计实验分室、植物栽培与保护实验分室、测绘与生态监测实验分室;实验室投入使用后可以满足园林及生态保护所有的课程实验,并为教师提供科研基地。     

高层建筑救火模型的研究

在分析我国目前高层建筑救火费用(救火消防车数和消防队员数)的基础上,提出运用优化数学的思路,建立高层建筑救火模型。首先,确定高层建筑救火费用的目标函数、约束条件、策略,将目标函数写成约束条件和策略的函数;然后,根据高层建筑火灾的特点,提出建立模型的8个假设条件,从而建立一个高层建筑救火数学模型,运用高等数学微积分的有关知识对数学模型进行求解与分析,从而达到高层建筑救火费用最低的目的。最后,以实例论证了该数学模型在高层建筑救火中的应用效果,同时为高层建筑救火提供理论上、方法上的指导。     

黄土高原绿色建筑体系评价指标体系

阐述了绿色建筑体系是可持续发展的人类住区,介绍了可持续发展人类住区和可持续发展评价指标体系国内外研究状况,提出了建立绿色建筑体系评价指标体系的原则,提出了黄土高原县,乡,镇层次上的绿色建筑体系评价指标体系框架,以及指标量化的方法。     

Best location of the small wind turbine around a single high-rise building

This research is a three-dimensional investigation about the aerodynamic interaction between the wind flow and a single high-rise building. In order to find location(s) with high potential of velocity around the building, a wide variety of wind speeds ranging from 2 to 10 m/s is studied. On the other hand, a high-rise building with the ratio of height to width of H/W = 3 is considered. Computations are performed numerically by means of the finite volume approach. Several results are obtained in the present numerical study. For example, it is found that due to wind-structure vertical interaction, locations with enhanced velocities are developed on the building roof in which the rate of this enhancement increases with increasing the wind speed. In addition, over the building, “lines C and D” are realized as the best locations having high power potentials and low turbulence intensities. In addition, lateral wind-structure interaction revealed that for all wind speeds, location of L/W = 0.5 is the best for the small wind turbine installation.     

Compliance with the building byelaws and earthquake safety in urban areas of Bihar: progress,constraints and challenges

The adoption and enforcement of building codes is considered the most effective tool in safeguarding lives and property against earthquakes. There would appear to be a vital regulatory role for government in the enforcement of building codes, but this is somewhat at odds with the neoliberal agenda of ‘rolling back the state’. This paper explores constraints to the implementation of building codes in the context of changing roles and responsibilities of local authorities in Bihar in India. In-depth interviews were conducted with key stakeholders across major urban centres in north Bihar. Some factors, such as: code complexity; competition between the public and private sectors for qualified personnel; and low public risk perception were found to be less significant in Bihar than has been noted elsewhere, while other factors such as: the cost of earthquake-resistant measures; political interests; corrupt practices; and lack of government capacity were important. Additional factors were also revealed by the research, some of which are exacerbated by the neoliberal climate of urban governance. While the recent 2014 byelaws represent an improvement in the system and a degree of re-regulation, ambiguities create opportunities for failures arising from ‘normalised irresponsibility’.     

美国地震风险评估中建筑物易损性与损失组合的探讨

探讨了以美国地震灾害风险评估模型为例的建筑物易损性模型的建立方法及地震随机事件损失组合的方法.由于应用对象的不同,如用于工程项目风险的评估或是对保险资产风险的评估,其易损性模型建立的方式具有较大的差异.在工程应用中,注重对建筑结构的分析,往往使用非线性解析方法如能力频谱法等以得到结构的易损性或脆弱曲线;而保险行业常用历史数据并运用统计方法等获取所需的易损性曲线.由于工程应用的易损性曲线有更好的精准性,越来越多保险用模型采用此方法.此外,工程应用常对单一地震事件进行评估,而保险行业的模型往往涉及对大量随机事件的评估.对不同的建筑物易损性建模方法、规范标准及适用范围进行了探讨,并对随机事件损失组合方法中如何计算损失的单次超越概率(OEP)和累计超越概率(AEP)进行了介绍.     

某钢结构物流中心火灾案例及结构抗火分析

2011年3月,某钢结构物流中心发生火灾,过火面积约7000m2,损失惨重。通过对该例火灾的起因、火势蔓延、结构倒塌进行分析,探讨钢结构建筑防火设计和结构抗火措施。研究结果表明:①钢结构因本身抗火性能差,易垮塌,不利于火灾扑救;②在火灾中钢结构易整体破坏,造成重大损失;③由于未采取防火分隔,扩大了火灾蔓延途径和过火面积,加剧了火灾损失,也加大了火灾扑救难度。为了减轻火灾损失,应当:①合理设置防火分隔;②提高或保证钢柱、钢梁的耐火极限,以提升结构抗火能力;③加强对钢构件和结点的防火保护;④保证自动喷水灭火系统的正常运行,有效实施初期灭火。     

不对称大底板多塔楼隔震结构的地震响应分析

针对不对称大底板多塔楼隔震结构体系,通过建立地震响应的动力分析简化模型,推导出不对称大底板多塔楼隔震结构体系地震作用下的运动方程。对一实际的不对称大底板多塔楼隔震结构进行地震响应仿真分析,探讨塔楼质量偏心率和塔楼质量比对结构周期比、位移比和层剪力比的影响。结果显示,不对称大底板多塔楼隔震结构扭转角主要由隔震层产生;与不隔震结构相比,不对称大底板多塔楼隔震体系的扭转角减小,可取得较好的减震效果;塔楼与底板的位置分布和质量分布会影响体系的扭转效应和减震效果,应尽量使塔楼的质心与底板质心重合,塔楼质量分布均匀,以减小结构的扭转效应,提高减震效果。     

Identifying the potential of governance regimes to aggravate or mitigate local water conflicts in regions threatened by climate change

There is a need for specific knowledge of what people can do to mitigate harmful water conflicts. This need is evident in the rural dry tropics of Central America where people face climate change impacts, inefficient water management, and social tension. To address this need, we investigated why some local water conflicts escalated to violence and why other potential conflicts were avoided in Guanacaste Province, Costa Rica. We used interviews, focus groups, and a stakeholder workshop to analyse five cases. We found that violent actions only occurred when rural groups opposed government agencies in settings without mediating leadership. With one exception in a circumstance aggravated over many years, water users did not take violent action against competing water users. Distrust, which has been formed by legacies of ineffective rural stakeholder engagement, diminished the credibility of water-related information used in decision processes and thus prolonged conflicts. Active community-based groups respected by both rural constituencies and government agencies helped some people avoid difficult conflicts. Self-organised groups in other areas struggled to address disputes in settings with contested property rights, high socio-economic inequality, and low human capital. Using insights from Guanacaste, we outline practical conflict mitigation strategies fitted to a range of local water governance contexts found in rural Central America. Results suggest the need for incorporating certain types of peace-building processes in water management and development. The study provides a foundation for policy-makers, water managers, and other stakeholders to more effectively manage water disputes and avoid harmful conflicts in challenging regions.     

新农村建设及特色产业发展中的金融支持问题研究——以甘肃省平凉市为例

建设社会主义新农村,是党中央运用科学发展观破解三农问题的新理念和新实践,是中国特色社会主义现代化的必然要求,是建设社会主义和谐社会的战略举措,也是增进农民福祉、惠及广大农民群众的民心工程。金融作为现代经济的核心,责无旁贷,义不容辞的要充分发挥杠杆作用,肩负起支持新农村建设与特色产业可持续发展的历史重任,紧密结合当地实际,不断创新金融产品,积极优化信贷结构,着力提升服务水平,切实解决金融支持乏力、担保机构缺位、农业保险缺失、信用环境不佳等诸多困难与问题,尚需研究和解决。本文以平凉市为例,进行了实证分析与思考。