内蒙古燃煤发电机组环保电价核定系统研究

近年来国家对于燃煤发电机组实行脱硫、脱硝、除尘电价补助,是积极推进的一项创新工作,文章介绍了内蒙古燃煤发电机组环保电价核定系统的功能、总体架构以及应用,总结了系统的创新性.考核范围是享受环保电价的企业,考核数据来源于污染源在线监测数据,通过智能分析对问题数据进行定性.系统实现了环保电价的智能核定,有效地提高了环保电价监测数据核定工作的效率.     

Accuracy and traceability concepts applied to environmental speciation analysis

Traceability issues are of increasing concern in all fields where chemical measurements form the basis for decisions. The concepts of accuracy and traceability as applied to environmental analysis are, however, still prone to misunderstandings, which has been recently illustrated by controversial discussions among the analytical community with respect to accuracy and traceability issues in the area of speciation analysis. Analytical techniques used for the determination of chemical species (speciation analysis) are generally based on a succession of steps (e.g. extraction derivatisation, separation, detection) which are all prone to various sources of systematic errors. Many speciation measurement techniques have been studied within the last decade through interlaboratory studies and certification of reference materials. These collaborative efforts have been understood as being directed towards strive for accuracy (trueness and precision). It has been recognised recently that the achievements actually enabled mostly to establish reference points (e.g. certified values in reference materials) which does not necessarily correspond to 'true values' but rather offer a mean for laboratories to compare their data internationally and, hence, achieve traceability. This ambiguity still generates confusion and misunderstandings among the scientific community. This communication discusses this issue, focusing on analytical measurements only. Extending discussions on general traceability issues would imply an examination of steps prior to laboratory work (sampling, storage, etc.) which is beyond the scope of this contribution.     

Mapping giant salvinia with satellite imagery and image analysis

QuickBird multispectral satellite imagery was evaluated for distinguishing giant salvinia (Salvinia molesta Mitchell) in a large reservoir in east Texas. The imagery had four bands (blue, green, red, and near-infrared) and contained 11-bit data. Color-infrared (green, red, and near-infrared bands), normal color (blue, green and red bands), and four-band composite (blue, green, red, and near-infrared bands) images were studied. Unsupervised image analysis was used to classify the imagery. Accuracy assessments performed on the classification maps of the three composite images had producer’s and user’s accuracies for giant salvinia ranging from 87.8 to 93.5%. Color-infrared, normal color, and four-band satellite imagery were excellent for distinguishing giant salvinia in a complex field habitat.     

Certification of Highly Complex Safety-Related Systems

The BIA has now 15 years of experience with the certification of complex electronic systems for safety-related applications in the machinery sector. Using the example of machining centres, this presentation will show the systematic procedure for verifying and validating control systems using Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs) and microcomputers for safety functions.

One section will describe the control structure of machining centres with control systems using “ integrated safety.” A diverse redundant architecture combined with crossmonitoring and forced dynamisation is explained. In the main section the steps of the systematic certification procedure are explained showing some results of the certification of drilling machines. Specification reviews, design reviews with test case specification, statistical analysis, and walk-throughs are the analytical measures in the testing process. Systematic tests based on the test case specification, Electro Magnetic Interference (EMI) and environmental testing, and site acceptance tests on the machines are the testing measures for validation.

A complex software driven system is always undergoing modification. Most of the changes are not safety-relevant but this has to be proven. A systematic procedure for certifying software modifications is presented in the last section of the paper.     

油气集输联合站消防系统探讨

介绍了油气集输工程建设中的消防设计标准和消防设施的配备,主要结合输气管道沿线各站场的实际情况,通过消防设计参数核算和安全要求,建立合理的消防系统,以保证防火的安全。     

差压法测试生化需氧量的校验方法及过程

介绍了在用差压法测试生化需氧量的校验过程中所需的技术要求、校验条件、校验项目,并通过测试数据阐述了效验过程,计算结果显示：比对结果通过校验方法要求。     

基于实船结构监测数据的异常检测及处理方法

目的 获得高质量实船结构监测数据,减少数据因外界干扰造成的异常现象,现开发一套面向真实海况的实船结构监测数据的异常处理方法。方法 将统计学中的Z-score异常检测方法与数据处理中常用的平均值计算法相结合,实现对船舶结构应力数据的异常处理。基于正常信号创建含有异常现象的验证数据,对新的异常处理方法进行精度验证。结果 相比Hampel滤波法、Smooth平滑函数等传统的信号处理方法,Z-score异常检测及平均值计算方法的异常处理精度最高,且以此为基础计算的结构信号统计值准确度较好。结论 Z-score异常检测及平均值计算方法可实现真实海况下的实船结构监测数据的异常处理,并在结构应力数据的价值挖掘上可提供有力支撑。     

Material flow analysis of paper in Korea. Part I. Data calculation model from the flow relationships between paper products

The flows of paper are analyzed throughout the papermaking processes, with the year 2007 and Korea defined as the system boundaries. In practice, the statistical data on the production, import and export of paper or pulp can be collected with relative ease from the government and industrial associations. However, the input data regarding the volumes of pulp and wastepaper used in different paper products, such as newsprint, printing papers, sanitary and household papers, specialty papers, and corrugating board base, are difficult to obtain because such information is generally kept confidential in the course of corporate operations.The production processes of paper products in Korea are modeled using information on raw materials, their compositions and production yields of products in order to identify and quantify the amounts of pulp and wastepaper used in each paper product. The material flows of paper are then analyzed based on the calculation model derived from the correlation of input and output flows between the individual processes throughout the entire paper lifecycle. Accuracy analysis using both mean absolute error (MAE) and mean absolute percent error (MAPE) is conducted to verify the amounts of pulp and wastepaper calculated from the proposed model against the volumes of domestically consumed pulp and wastepaper provided in the national statistics. Although the calculated values for the past (i.e., the 1980s and 1990s) differ to some degree from the statistical values, the data for the 2000s have a relatively higher level of accuracy, with the MAPE of the total pulp and recycling volume at 5.39% and 5.30%, respectively, thus validating the adequacy of the proposed modeling method. The proposed calculation model can be effectively used in the material flow analysis (MFA) of paper to reduce the burden of data collection and obtain relatively accurate results.     

清洁生产审核在果汁企业的应用研究

中国是全球最大的浓缩苹果汁生产和出口国,年产量和出口量均占全球总量的60%左右,均位居世界第一。中国浓缩果汁行业高速发展的同时,严峻的行业环境问题严重限制了中国浓缩果汁行业的进一步发展[1]。企业实施清洁生产审核是企业实现清洁生产最有效的手段.实践表明,通过实施清洁生产审核活动,企业提高了资源能源利用效率,降低了环境污染,取得了经济和环境的同步发展,为浓缩果汁企业今后的清洁生产审核积累了经验。     

Z比分数在实验室能力验证检测中的运用

介绍了Z比分数的构成，评价标准和运用Z比分数时应注意的问题。通过实例运用，指出正确选择指定值和变动性度量是实验室能力验证达标的关键。