Rapid adsorption of toxic Pb(Ⅱ) ions from aqueous solution using multiwall carbon nanotubes synthesized by microwave chemical vapor deposition technique

Multiwall carbon nanotubes(MWCNTs) were synthesized using a tubular microwave chemical vapor deposition technique, using acetylene and hydrogen as the precursor gases and ferrocene as catalyst. The novel MWCNT samples were tested for their performance in terms of Pb(Ⅱ)binding. The synthesized MWCNT samples were characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared(FT-IR), Brunauer, Emmett and Teller(BET), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy(FESEM) analysis, and the adsorption of Pb(Ⅱ) was studied as a function of p H,initial Pb(Ⅱ) concentration, MWCNT dosage, agitation speed, and adsorption time, and process parameters were optimized. The adsorption data followed both Freundlich and Langmuir isotherms. On the basis of the Langmuir model, Qmaxwas calculated to be 104.2 mg/g for the microwave-synthesized MWCNTs. In order to investigate the dynamic behavior of MWCNTs as an adsorbent, the kinetic data were modeled using pseudo first-order and pseudo second-order equations. Different thermodynamic parameters, viz., ΔH0, ΔS0and ΔG0were evaluated and it was found that the adsorption was feasible, spontaneous and endothermic in nature. The statistical analysis revealed that the optimum conditions for the highest removal(99.9%) of Pb(Ⅱ) are at p H 5, MWCNT dosage 0.1 g, agitation speed 160 r/min and time of 22.5 min with the initial concentration of 10 mg/L. Our results proved that microwave-synthesized MWCNTs can be used as an effective Pb(Ⅱ) adsorbent due to their high adsorption capacity as well as the short adsorption time needed to achieve equilibrium.     

Phosphate adsorption performance of a novel filter substrate made from drinking water treatment residuals

Phosphate is one of the most predominant pollutants in natural waters. Laboratory experiments were conducted to investigate the phosphate adsorption performance of a(NFS) made from drinking water treatment residuals. The adsorption of phosphate on the NFS fitted well with the Freundlich isotherm and pseudo second-order kinetic models. At p H 7.0, the maximum adsorption capacity of 1.03 mg/g was achieved at 15°C corresponding to the wastewater temperature in cold months, and increased notably to 1.31 mg/g at 35°C.Under both acidic conditions(part of the adsorption sites was consumed) and basic conditions(negative charges formed on the surface of NFS, which led to a static repulsion of PO43-and HPO42-), the adsorption of phosphate was slightly inhibited. Further study showed that part of the adsorption sites could be recovered by 0.25 mol/L Na OH. The activation energy was calculated to be above 8.0 k J/mol, indicating that the adsorption of phosphate on NFS was probably a chemical process. Considering the strong phosphate adsorption capacity and recoverability, NFS showed great promise on enhancing phosphate removal from the secondary treated wastewater in the filtration process.     

Effects of Al doping on the structure and properties of goethite and its adsorption behavior towards phosphate

Al substitution in goethite is common in soils, and has strong influence on the structure and physicochemical properties of goethite. In this research, a series of Al-doped goethites were synthesized, and characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy. The adsorption behavior of these samples towards PO₄^3 − was also investigated. Characterization results demonstrated that increasing Al content in goethite led to a reduction in crystallinity, increase in specific surface area (SSA), and morphology change from needle-like to granular. Rietveld structure refinement revealed that the lattice parameter a remained almost constant and b slightly decreased, but c was significantly reduced, and the calculated crystal density increased. EXAFS analysis demonstrated that the Fe(Al)–O distance in the structure of the doped goethites was almost the same, but the Fe–Fe(Al) distance decreased with increasing Al content. Surface analysis showed that, with increasing Al content, the content of OH groups on the mineral surface increased. The adsorption of phosphate per unit mass of Al-doped goethite increased, while adsorption per unit area decreased owing to the decrease of the relative proportion of (110) facets in the total surface area of the minerals. The results of this research facilitate better understanding of the effect of Al substitution on the structure and properties of goethite and the cycling of phosphate in the environment.     

Application of high silica zeolite ZSM-5 in a hybrid treatment process based on sequential adsorption and ozonation for VOCs elimination

In this study, a hydrophobic synthetic zeolite, namely ZSM-5 is chosen as an adsorbent/catalyst for toluene removal. Experimental results showed that toluene adsorption onto ZSM-5 was favourable, following a Langmuir adsorption isotherm model. ZSM-5 zeolite was regenerated using gaseous ozone at low temperature. Adsorbed toluene was oxidised, releasing mainly CO₂ and H₂O. Traces of oxidation by-products such as acetic acid and acetaldehyde were formed and remained adsorbed after the oxidativate regeneration with ozone. After four successive cycles of adsorption/ozonation, the adsorption efficiency was not affected (92%–99%). These results showed that volatile organic compound (VOC) removal by adsorption onto ZSM-5 zeolite followed by ozone regeneration could be used as a promising hybrid process for the control of VOC emissions in terms of efficiency.     

TiO_2/海泡石对垃圾渗滤液吸附性能的研究

通过制备以海泡石为载体的负载二氧化钛的吸附剂,研究二氧化钛/海泡石对垃圾渗滤液的吸附作用。垃圾渗滤液经过初步处理后,在不同的浓度、p H、吸附剂投加量下测量吸附后的总有机碳,在不同的吸附时间点测量相应的总有机碳和化学需氧量。结果表明,垃圾渗滤液的吸附最佳效果的条件为:Ti O 2/海泡石投加量为0.08 g,投加到稀释至COD为437.2 mg/L的垃圾渗滤液中,p H为3,TOC降解率为65.47%,COD降解率为55.56%。     

金属有机骨架材料MIL-101用于气态碘单质的吸附与释放

目的研究金属有机骨架材料MIL-101对气态碘单质的吸附与释放。方法采用水热合成法合成金属有机骨架材料MIL-101,并利用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、N2吸附脱附等温线等表征方法对合成的MIL-101样品进行表征。将制备的金属有机骨架材料MIL-101在75℃环境下对气态碘单质进行吸附,将吸附后的材料于无水乙醇溶液中进行碘单质的释放。结果随着吸附时间的推移,金属有机骨架材料MIL-101对气态碘单质的吸附量逐渐升高,并于8 h逐渐达到饱和吸附量2.61 g(I2)/g(MIL-101)。MIL-101在无水乙醇溶液中随着时间的延长,材料吸附的碘单质渐渐释放出来。结论 MIL-101对气态碘单质在较高温度下有着优异的吸附效果,并表现出良好的循环使用性能,适合用于核电站蒸汽中放射性气态碘的吸附。     

Kinetics of endosulfan sorption on to wood charcoal

Abstract

A part of the research work conducted to evaluate the efficiency of a locally available low cost wood charcoal in removing endosulfan, an organochlorine insecticide, has been presented here in this paper. In the batch experiments conducted at 1 mg/I initial concentration of endosulfan, it was found that wood charcoal could remove endosulfan from water up to 95%. Kinetic profiles were developed for various conditions and they followed second order kinetic reactions. Adsorption equilibrium time was determined by two different approaches namely rough estimate and 2% slope criteria. The equilibrium time was found to be 5 hrs. Forward, reverse, and overall reaction rate constants were determined by approximating the kinetic data to the first order reversible kinetic model. Rate constants increased with increasing initial concentration of endosulfan. Rate limiting process was determined by using kinetics data and further confirmed by the multiple interruption test. Pore and film diffusion coefficients were determined from the half time equations. Film diffusion appeared to be the rate limiting which was further supported by the multiple interruption test.     

A comparative adsorption/biosorption study of mono-chlorinated phenols onto various sorbents

The potential use of dried activated sludge and fly ash as a substitute for granular activated carbon for removing mono-chlorinated phenols (o-chlorophenol and p-chlorophenol) was examined. The pollutant binding capacity of the adsorbent/biosorbent was shown to be a function of substituted group, initial pH and initial mono-chlorinated phenol concentration. The working sorption pH value was determined as 1.0 and the equilibrium uptake increased with increasing initial mono-chlorinated phenol concentration up to 500 mg dm(-3) for all the mono-chlorinated phenol-sorbent systems. The suitability of the Freundlich, Langmuir and Redlich-Peterson adsorption models to the equilibrium data were investigated for each mono-chlorinated phenol-sorbent system. The results showed that the equilibrium data for all the mono-chlorinated phenol-sorbent systems fitted the Redlich-Peterson model best within the concentration range studied.     

硅藻土吸附工业废水中汞离子的研究

硅藻土吸附剂作为环境矿物材料,廉价易得,吸附容量大,处理效果好,无二次污染,在去除工业废水中汞离子方面具有良好的应用前景。