可持续发展指标(体系)的分类及构建探讨

将国内外已有的可持续发展指标（体系）按学科特征归纳，分为应用经济学、生态学和统计学等３大类，分别评述其特征和不足，提出中国可持续发展指标的构建的进一步研讨，应充分开展实质性的跨学科研究，将经济发展指标的设置和选择作为重点，建立能解析可持续发展本质特征的长期性或阶段性批示指标，如生物多样性、人均维持基本生活的收入水平。     

指标计算法在环境经济损益分析中的应用

以上海市江桥和闸北2座生活垃圾焚烧厂建设项目为例,采用指标计算法对这2家在不同选址区的建设项目环境经济损益进行了分析。结果表明：江桥生活垃圾焚烧厂项目具有较好的环境经济效益,其环保年净效益为670．69万元,效费比达到1．10。闸北生活垃圾焚烧厂项目的环保年净效益为－764．48万元,效费比为0．64,说明其环境污染控制方案存在明显的不经济性。江桥生活垃圾焚烧厂已投入建设。指标法为2个项目的环境经济损益分析提供了货币量化。     

WATERSHED AND INSTREAM IMPACTS ON THE FISH POPULATION IN THE SOUTH FORK OF THE CLEARWATER RIVER,IDAHO1

ABSTRACT: This paper presents the results of a statistical analysis performed for the watershed and stream corridor in the South Fork of the Clearwater River (SFCR) basin, in north central Idaho. The analysis was performed for 61 six‐field hydrological unit codes (HUCs) of the SFCR basin using an extensive record (up to 100 years) for 50 watershed and in‐stream parameters, including hydrologic, flow, fish, anthropogenic, and natural activity data. The objective of this research was twofold: first, the development of quantitative relations that describe the Index of Fish Density (IFD) of particular fish species as a function of watershed and instream parameters; and second, to provide a robust confirmation for the effects of some of these parameters, previously recorded by the fisheries profession, by using well established statistical techniques. The uniqueness of this work is the compilation and statistical analysis of large data sets to quantitatively describe the impacts of watershed and instream parameters on the IFD of all salmonids and specific fish species. Factor analysis was employed to regroup parameters that are highly correlated to each other into a set of single factors and to relate the IFD to these factors. Using factor extraction, 12 factors were developed from the 50 watershed and instream parameters. Multiple regression diagnostic tests indicated that only 7 of the 12 factors are strong predictors offish indicators. The strongest predictors are longitude, latitude, elevation, watershed gradient, and water temperature. The analysis indicated that the present model has reasonable predictive power, considering the uncertainty involved in estimating the interdependence of IFD with watershed parameters.     

Development of a Bird Integrity Index: Measuring Avian Response to Disturbance in the Blue Mountains of Oregon, USA

The Bird Integrity Index (BII) presented here uses bird assemblage information to assess human impacts to 28 stream reaches in the Blue Mountains of eastern Oregon. Eighty-one candidate metrics were extracted from bird survey data for testing. The metrics represented aspects of bird taxonomic richness, tolerance or intolerance to human disturbance, dietary preferences, foraging techniques, and nesting strategies that were expected to be positively or negatively affected by human activities in the region. To evaluate the responsiveness of each metric, it was plotted against an index of reach and watershed disturbance that included attributes of land use/land cover, road density, riparian cover, mining impacts, and percent area in clearcut and partial-cut logging. Nine of the 81 candidate bird metrics remained after eliminating unresponsive and highly correlated metrics. Individual metric scores ranged from 0 to 10, and BII scores varied between 0 and 100. BII scores varied from 78.6 for a minimally disturbed, reference stream reach to 30.4 for the most highly disturbed stream reach. The BII responded clearly to varying riparian conditions and to the cumulative effects of disturbances, such as logging, grazing, and mining, which are common in the mountains of eastern Oregon. This BII for eastern Oregon was compared to an earlier BII developed for the agricultural and urban disturbance regime of the Willamette Valley in western Oregon. The BII presented here was sensitive enough to distinguish differences in condition among stream riparian zones with disturbances that were not as obvious or irreversible as those in the agricultural/urban conditions of western Oregon.     

运用主成分分析法评价北京市代表性河流的水质与毒性状况

以北京市3条具有不同功能的代表性河流(清河:纳污排洪;京密引水渠:供水水源;小月河:景观用水)作为研究对象,分析测定了33个水质指标,采用内梅罗指数法与大型蚤急性毒性测试法对3条河流的水质与毒性状况进行了评价,同时运用主成分分析法对毒性产生的原因和影响水质的因素进行了初步探讨.结果表明,1)3条河流已受到不同程度的污染,水质和毒性状况均不容乐观.作为纳污排洪的清河大部分采样点水质较差,生物毒性极高;作为景观用水的小月河水质一般,具有一定的生物毒性;作为供水水源的京密引水渠水质一般,但毒性较低.2)水样生物毒性与Cl-、Ca、K、Li、Mn、Na、Cr、Ni等指标有关;内梅罗水质指数与NO2-、Cl-、K、Na、Ni等指标有关.3)某些指标(如NO2-)超标会对水质分级产生较大影响,但对生物毒性贡献不大,而低浓度的重金属,不会对水质分级产生贡献,却会对生物的生理活动产生影响,综合化学指标和毒性指标共同评价水质更为合理.     

A Fuzzy Logic Approach to Assess Groundwater Pollution Levels Below Agricultural Fields

A fuzzy logic approach has been developed to assess the groundwater pollution levels below agricultural fields. The data collected for Kumluca Plain of Turkey have been utilized to develop the approach. The plain is known with its intensive agricultural activities, which imply excessive application of fertilizers. The characteristics of the soils and underlying groundwater for this plain were monitored during the years 1999 and 2000. Additionally, an extensive field survey related to the types and yields of crops, fertilizer application and irrigation water was carried out. Both the soil and groundwater have exhibited high levels of nitrogen, phosphorus and salinity with considerable spatial and temporal variations. The pollution level of groundwater at several established stations within the plain were assessed using Fuzzy Logic. Water Pollution Index (WPI) values are calculated by Fuzzy Logic utilizing the most significant groundwater pollutants in the area namely nitrite, nitrate and orthophosphate together with the groundwater vulnerability to pollution. The results of the calculated WPI and the monitoring study have yielded good agreement. WPI indicated high to moderate water pollution levels at Kumluca plain depending on factors such as agricultural age, depth to groundwater, soil characteristics and vulnerability of groundwater to pollution. Fuzzy Logic approach has shown to be a practical, simple and useful tool to assess groundwater pollution levels.     

第三产业环境行为信息公开指标体系研究

随着第三产业的快速发展 ,其带来的环境污染也日趋严重 ,这给我国环境管理工作提出了新的挑战。本文探讨了一项新的环境管理手段———环境信息公开制度在第三产业环境管理中的应用 ,并就这项手段的指标体系做了初步的研究     

东莞市近岸海域水环境质量评价及变化趋势分析

采用污染分担率法确定污染因子,应用综合污染指数法对2004~2009年东莞市近岸海域水环境质量进行全面评价,并运用秩相关系数法分析其变化趋势。结果表明：CODMn、磷酸盐、无机氮、汞是影响东莞近岸海域水环境质量的主要因子;东莞市近岸海域水环境质量由上游到下游基本呈现依次下降的特征;从2004~2009年,近岸海域环境质量总体呈现好转的态势。     

青岛近岸海域生态环境质量综合评价

基于国外近岸海域生态质量状况综合评价方法,结合国内海洋环境质量评价的研究现状,由生物、水质、沉积物指标和栖息地变化情况构成青岛近岸海域生态环境质量综合评价指标体系,并选取合适的评价模型,同时通过研究海域主要污染物的分布情况对评价结果进行反向验证。结果表明,青岛近岸海域生态质量状况综合评价等级为一般,受人为扰动的影响较大;该方法能够较好地反映主要的人为环境压力和风险因子,同时对潜在的污染因子有一定的预警作用。     

常州市空气质量实时发布协同服务体系建设

从空气质量实时发布的发布接口、集成环节、发布要素三个方面建立空气质量实时发布协同服务体系,在此基础上建立了协同服务框架,对发布信息的统计计算、数据质控、数据聚合计算、数据自动化处理等功能进行阐述,由此保证了不同层次、不同接口间发布信息的质量和一致性,具有较大的实际应用价值。