大气环流模式CAM4对亚洲气候的高分辨率模拟

中小尺度地形不仅在区域尺度上影响降水和环流形势分布,还会影响季风、西风急流等大尺度的天气系统。新的全球模式分辨率得到明显提高,本研究通过对比分析CAM4高分辨率配置下的模拟结果与高分辨率APHRO降水和ERA-Interim再分析资料,评估高分辨率CAM4对亚洲地区气候系统的模拟性能。结果表明,该模式不仅对亚洲季风-干旱气候系统的大尺度分布特征有良好的模拟能力,还能很好地模拟出季风区和内陆干旱半干旱区年均和季节平均降水的高、低值中心以及水平风场、地表温度和海平面气压的区域差异性特征,尤其是山脉地形附近的降水极值和风场变化。此外,CAM4与气象资料间在不同空间尺度上的空间相关性均很好,其中地表温度的相关系数在0.9以上,降水在亚洲地区超过0.7。     

典型大气污染源动态排放清单编制方法及应用研究

随着环境空气质量精细化管理要求的提高,在应对重污染天气过程中,对大气污染源排放清单的时间分辨率提出了更高的要求。文章从固定源、移动源、油气储运源等方面探讨了大气污染源动态排放清单编制技术方法,并选取某城市进行了应用计算。结果表明,通过获取动态更新的数据,移动源的船舶、机动车、飞机可以逐时分析污染物排放量变化;固定源和油气储运源可以逐日分析。同时与相关指南算法进行定量比较,探讨了精细化改进方法及可能存在的问题,为建立更精细化动态排放清单提供有益参考。     

机场大气污染物高时间分辨率排放清单计算方法研究

通过研究机场大气污染物排放特征,结合我国相关排放政策及规范,以排放因子法为主要方法,设计了可建立机场高时间分辨率大气污染物排放清单的计算方法,以期为机场大气污染物排放实时监管提供研究基础。该方法针对飞机发动机和地面保障设备(GSE),实现了颗粒物、二氧化硫、氮氧化物等大气污染物和温室气体的半小时级别排放量计算。通过收集整理北京首都国际机场日航班计划与GSE运作情况实际数据,计算并建立了高时间分辨率的排放清单,验证了计算方法的可行性。随后,从活动水平误差和排放因子适用性两方面,对清单进行了不确定性分析,并通过计算结果对机场排放特征进行了分析,提出了减排建议。     

Application of game theory for a groundwater conflict in Mexico

Exploitation of scarce water resources, particularly in areas of high demand, inevitably produces conflict among disparate stakeholders, each of whom may have their own set of priorities. In order to arrive at a socially acceptable compromise, the decision-makers should seek an optimal trade-off between conflicting objectives that reflect the priorities of the various stakeholders. In this study, game theory was applied to a multiobjective conflict problem for the Alto Rio Lerma Irrigation District, located in the state of Guanajuato in Mexico, where economic benefits from agricultural production should be balanced with associated negative environmental impacts. The short period of rainfall in this area, combined with high groundwater withdrawals from irrigation wells, has produced severe aquifer overdraft. In addition, current agricultural practices of applying high loads of fertilizers and pesticides have contaminated regions of the aquifer. The net economic benefit to this agricultural region in the short-term lies with increasing crop yields, which requires large pumping extractions for irrigation as well as high chemical loading. In the longer term, this can produce economic loss due to higher pumping costs (i.e., higher lift requirements), or even loss of the aquifer as a viable source of water. Negative environmental impacts include continued diminishment of groundwater quality, and declining groundwater levels in the basin, which can damage surface water systems that support environmental habitats. The two primary stakeholders or players, the farmers in the irrigation district and the community at large, must find an optimal balance between positive economic benefits and negative environmental impacts. In this paper, game theory was applied to find the optimal solution between the two conflicting objectives among 12 alternative groundwater extraction scenarios. Different attributes were used to quantify the benefits and costs of the two objectives, and, following generation of the Pareto frontier or trade-off curve, four conflict resolution methods were then applied.     

Research and application of comprehensive electromagnetic detection technique in spontaneous combustion area of coalfields

Perplexed by severe disasters, spontaneous combustion areas of coalfields in China not only lose a large number of precious coal resources but damage the ecological environment badly. The premise of effective control against the disasters is investigations on the source position and scope of spontaneous combustion areas at coalfields so as to provide scientific basis for fire extinguishment design and construction of coalfields. Working principles, construction methods and detection effects of high resolution earth resistivity method, transient electromagnetic method (small loop-center probe device) applied in the detection of combustion areas at coalfields have been introduced. The application shows that the above mentioned methods can detect the accurate position of underground combustion areas, are effective ones in detecting the combustion center, combusted area and distribution scope of combustion areas at coalfields, and have broad application prospects.     

Efficiency of physicochemical and biological treatments of vinasse and their influence on indigenous microbiota for disposal into the environment

Molasses-based distilleries are one of the most polluting industries generating large volumes of high strength wastewater called vinasse. Different processes covering anaerobic, aerobic as well as physicochemical methods have been employed to treat this effluent. This study evaluated the microbial communities present in the vinasse during different stages of its treatment by traditional and molecular methods. The analysis of the efficiency of each treatment was performed by physicochemical parameters and toxicity analysis. The treatment of vinasse was performed in the following steps: high flow fermentation; filtration; chemical flakes; low-flow fermentation; filtration; and neutralization. The physicochemical analysis in different stages of the vinasse treatment demonstrated that phases of treatment influenced the performance of the evaluated parameters. Among the 37 parameters, 9 were within the limits established by the Commission for Environmental Policy of Minas Gerais, Brazil (COPAM), especially BOD (96.7% of pollution reduction), suspended solids (99.9%), pH, copper (88%), iron (92.9%), and manganese (88%). Some parameters, even after treatment, did not fit the maximum allowed by legislation. The microbial population decreased reaching 3 log CFU/ml present in the steps of the flakes chemical and disinfection treatment of vinasse. Lactobacillus brevis and Pichia kudriavzevii were present in all stages of the treatments, showing that these microorganisms were resistant and demonstrated that they might be important in the treatment of vinasse. The vinasse showed a significant reduction of pollution load after the disinfection treatment however still should not be discarded into water bodies because the high values of tannins and sediment solids, but suggest the use of the effluent in the cooling coil during the distillation process of the beverage.     

Environmental impact assessment on the construction and operation of municipal solid waste sanitary landfills in developing countries: China case study

An inventory of material and energy consumption during the construction and operation (C&O) of a typical sanitary landfill site in China was calculated based on Chinese industrial standards for landfill management and design reports. The environmental impacts of landfill C&O were evaluated through life cycle assessment (LCA). The amounts of materials and energy used during this type of undertaking in China are comparable to those in developed countries, except that the consumption of concrete and asphalt is significantly higher in China. A comparison of the normalized impact potential between landfill C&O and the total landfilling technology implies that the contribution of C&O to overall landfill emissions is not negligible. The non-toxic impacts induced by C&O can be attributed mainly to the consumption of diesel used for daily operation, while the toxic impacts are primarily due to the use of mineral materials. To test the influences of different landfill C&O approaches on environmental impacts, six baseline alternatives were assessed through sensitivity analysis. If geomembranes and geonets were utilized to replace daily and intermediate soil covers and gravel drainage systems, respectively, the environmental burdens of C&O could be mitigated by between 2% and 27%. During the LCA of landfill C&O, the research scope or system boundary has to be declared when referring to material consumption values taken from the literature; for example, the misapplication of data could lead to an underestimation of diesel consumption by 60–80%.     

Household use of and satisfaction with alternative water sources in Victoria Australia

Climate change is increasing the variability of rainfall, and thus the availability of water supplies in many areas of the world. These impacts are already being felt in the state of Victoria, Australia where a 12 year drought period was recently experienced. Restrictions to water use have been implemented, as one component of a broad policy approach to manage the drought. While anecdotal evidence suggests that the substitution of centralised water supplies is occurring, this has not been proven empirically. This paper reports results from a survey of households in Victoria regarding their use of alternative water sources. The study found that substitution is occurring. Garden watering is the purpose which has the highest rate of alternative water source use. In total 41.6% of respondents always, and 33.2% sometimes use an alternative water source for garden watering. The most commonly used alternative source of water for garden watering is water previously used in the laundry (30.7%). The alternative source of water used was found to vary depending on the purpose of the water use. High levels of satisfaction were found for all alternative water sources used. Several barriers were found to the use of alternative water sources, the main of which were: inflexibility of existing infrastructure, cost, policy, and housing status. The results have implications for water retailers, policy makers and governments in locations facing water shortage.     

基于不同分辨率DEM的地形因子比较分析

地形因子的提取对水土流失、土地利用、土地资源评价、城市规划等方面的研究起着重要作用.目前地形因子的提取主要是基于DEM来完成的,而DEM的分辨率不同,所提取的地形因子的结果也不同.以化龙山为例,选择4种不同网格分辨率和地面坡度、坡向、平面曲率、剖面曲率4个地形因子作为分析因子,运用叠合比较和统计分析方法,研究地形因子随这4种分辨率DEM的变化规律.结果表明,DEM的分辨率越大,对地形的概括作用越明显,地形越趋近于平坦化.该研究是对前人研究的继续深化,通过对多因素的分析,旨在得到更加普遍的规律,为其他不同地貌的地形研究提供可借鉴的模式.     

一种大批量测定沉积物微量间隙水样品中溶解态磷和铁含量的方法

利用384微孔板微量比色分析方法,建立了一种大批量分析微量溶液样品中溶解态反应磷(DRP)和溶解态铁(Ⅱ)含量的方法,确定了方法的最佳参数和条件.利用Epoch微孔板分光光度计,对溶液中磷和铁分别采用磷钼蓝和邻菲啰啉比色法进行分析,所需溶液样品体积(稀释后)为20~50μL,磷和铁的检出限分别为0.006 mg·L-1和0.010 mg·L-1,精密度控制在5%以内.在此基础上,采用高分辨间隙水扩散平衡装置(HR-Peeper,垂向分辨率2 mm)获取了太湖沉积物间隙水样品,利用本方法同步分析了微量间隙水样品中DRP和溶解态铁(Ⅱ)的含量,发现两者含量同步升高的现象.