Assessing the Impact of Areal Precipitation Input on Streamflow Simulations Using the SWAT Model1

Masih Ilyas, Shreedhar Maskey, Stefan Uhlenbrook, and Vladimir Smakhtin, 2011. Assessing the Impact of Areal Precipitation Input on Streamflow Simulations Using the SWAT Model. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 47(1):179‐195. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2010.00502.x Abstract: Reduction of input uncertainty is a challenge in hydrological modeling. The widely used model Soil Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) uses the data of a precipitation gauge nearest to the centroid of each subcatchment as an input for that subcatchment. This may not represent overall catchment precipitation conditions well. This paper suggests an alternative – using areal precipitation obtained through interpolation. The effectiveness of this alternative is evaluated by comparing its simulations with those based on the standard SWAT precipitation input procedure. The model is applied to mountainous semiarid catchments in the Karkheh River basin, Iran. The model performance is evaluated at daily, monthly, and annual scales by using a number of performance indicators at 15 streamflow gauging stations each draining an area in the range of 590‐42,620 km². The comparison suggests that the use of areal precipitation improves model performance particularly in small subcatchments in the range of 600‐1,600 km². The modified areal precipitation input results in increased reliability of simulated streamflows in the areas of low rain gauge density. Both precipitation input methods result in reasonably good simulations for larger catchments (over 5,000 km²). The use of areal precipitation input improves the accuracy of simulated streamflows with spatial resolution and density of rain gauges having significant impact on results.     

扰动法在风网解算中的应用研究*

为简化矿井通风复杂风网的解算,提出将扰动法引入到风网解算中,并介绍扰动法的原理、风网解算的基本定律;给出常见的固定风压、固定风量和给定风机性能函数3种风机工况下的扰动方程矩阵表达式及详细的计算过程;对所提风网解算方法进行实例验证。结果表明:扰动法作为固定运算次数的近似方法,在工程实际允许的误差范围内,相比于以牛顿法为代表的迭代法耗时少、不依赖初值,是1种简单实用的风网解算方法。     

高分辨质谱在环境科学领域应用综述

探究复杂环境介质中有机污染物分析检测新方法,建立复杂环境介质中可疑和非目标化合物的快速筛选及确证方案,已成为环境科学领域的研究热点。高分辨质谱仪（HR-MS）具有质量范围宽、扫描速度快、灵敏度高等优点,使其在环境科学领域得到广泛应用。综述了混合高分辨率质谱（Q-TOF/Q Orbitrap）等HR MS技术的特点和工作原理,基于目标化合物分析、可疑化合物分析以及非目标化合物分析这3类研究策略,阐述了HR-MS在环境研究、药品监管及生物代谢物研究等领域的应用现状,进而分析了现阶段HR MS在环境科学领域中的应用局限性和发展前景。     

基于随机森林模型的辽河高时间分辨率氮、磷浓度模拟与预测

随着环境信息获取技术的飞速发展,水质监测数据逐渐呈现出高时间分辨率的特点.针对传统方法在模拟高频检测数据时的不足,本文基于随机森林建立了河流氮、磷逐日浓度预测模型,识别了影响辽河干流马虎山断面氮、磷浓度变化的主要因素,并预测了未来不同情景下氮、磷浓度变化特征.结果表明：①马虎山断面氮、磷浓度变化的主要影响因素是上游珠尔山断面的来水水质和本断面的流量;②随机森林模型在高时间分辨率的水质指标模拟中具有误差低和拟合优度高的特点,其中,TN浓度预测模型的RMSE为0.40 mg·L^-1,R²为0.95,TP浓度预测模型的RMSE为0.01 mg·L^-1,R²为0.96;③在不同水文、污染控制和来水水质的变化情景下,未来马虎山断面氮、磷浓度变化主要取决于上游 来水水质,加强全流域营养盐控制是确保断面水质稳定达标的重要基础.     

铜山矿区周边农田土壤重金属来源解析及污染评价

为探明铜山矿区周边农田土壤重金属主要来源及污染程度,采集并测定了361个表层土壤（0～20 cm）样品重金属Ag、 Cu、 Pb、 Zn、 Mo、 Sb、 Ba、 As和Hg.利用PMF模型和IDW插值相结合的方法对研究区土壤重金属进行来源解析及空间分布特征分析.在传统物元可拓模型的基础上,引入Hakanson毒性响应系数修正权重系数对重金属污染水平进行评价,并将评价结果与Muller指数(I_geo)和Nemerow综合指数（P_N）进行对比.结果显示：（1）ω（Ag）、ω（Cu）、ω（Pb）、ω（Zn）、ω（Mo）、ω（Sb）、ω（Ba）、ω（As）和ω（Hg）均值分别为0.05、 19.32、 23.34、 62.89、 0.97、 0.87、 542.56、 8.88和0.07 mg·kg^-1,其中Zn和Hg均高出河南省土壤背景值,但低于农用地土壤污染风险管制值,研究区土壤9种重金属在空间上主要呈现岛状和片状分布.（2）修正权重系数的物元可拓模型评价结果显示,研究区仅有6.37%的表层土壤为清洁土壤,89.75%为尚...     

Performance evaluation of Nahar oil–diesel blends in a single cylinder direct injection diesel engine

This study attempts to use plentiful available high oil content (67% of Nahar seed kernel) non-edible feedstock as a source for powering diesel engine. Various performance and emission characteristics of prepared Nahar oil–diesel blends (5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40%) are analyzed in a single cylinder direct injection diesel engine at different load spectrum, in order to judge the optimum blend, which can be efficiently used in a diesel engine. 10% blending of Nahar oil with diesel fuel has shown a reduction in hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide emission by 8.64% and 8.34%, respectively. With the increase in blend concentration, the nitrogen oxide emission decreased considerably and smoke emission increased slightly. Further pressure crank angle and heat release rate analysis of 10% blending of Nahar oil with diesel confirms its smooth combustion inside the engine combustion chamber.     

A low pressure direct gas injection system for a four stroke LPG: Diesel dual fuel engine

Internal combustion engines running on gaseous fuels produce low torque because the inducted gaseous fuel displaces air and reduces the volumetric efficiency. This can be overcome by injecting the gaseous fuel directly into the cylinder after the intake of air is completed. This work is a step in developing and demonstrating a cost effective system, as such systems are not readily available for small applications. A low-pressure gas injector was mounted on the cylinder barrel of a fully instrumented dual fuel engine. Its location is such that the injector will be exposed to the cylinder gases about 65.5 degrees before bottom dead center, where the cylinder pressure and temperature will be relatively low. An electronic controller was also developed to time the injection process to occur after the intake valve closes and also to control the duration of injection (quantity). Experiments were conducted with LPG (Liquefied petroleum gas) as the primary fuel that was injected with this new system and diesel as the pilot fuel at the rated speed of 1500 rpm with different amounts of LPG at 80% and 100% load. Comparisons of performance, combustion and emissions with the conventional manifold injection of LPG were done. The system allowed greater amounts of LPG to be used without knock as compared to manifold injection. On the whole the developed system has potential for application in small dual fuel and spark ignited gas engines and can be taken up for further optimization.     

Alternative function fulfilment: incorporating environmental considerations into increased design space

The focal point of this paper is the relatively unknown concept of alternative function fulfilment (AFF), which is a design strategy that can be used to generate new ways of fulfilling a certain function and is referred to in the context of ecodesign. It can be considered an attractive environmental innovation strategy, provided that the increased design space is used to create more sustainable products and services.This paper explores the AFF concept and discusses the implications of adopting this concept. It thus focuses on how design and business processes may need to change to allow the radical shift towards AFF, in order to facilitate the envisaged significant environmental improvements.     

遥感数据时间分辨率对土地覆盖变化监测的影响

由于土地覆盖通常存在年际变化和季节变化,区分人为活动引起的变化与这种自然变化需要两期数据时间一致。论文利用黑龙江省1975、1990、2000、和2005代表年Landsat数据,分析了数据时间差在16 d MODIS-NDVI时间序列的误差。研究发现,Landsat数据4个代表年的年际差分别为1975±4 a,1990±4.5 a,2000±1.5 a,2005±1.5 a,季节差为47 d。Landsat季节差对MODIS-NDVI的影响是:当季节差为16~48 d时,东北地区耕地与草地以生长高峰期为参照的MODIS-NDVI变化最高可达0.4以上,林地MODIS-NDVI变化0.1~0.2;当时间差<16 d时,如果仍以生长高峰期为绝对参照,东北大部分地区误差<0.1,只有少数耕地误差0.1~0.2。如果以两个时间为相对参照,则<16 d的误差也可能导致较大的MODIS-NDVI误差,其大小有明显的季节性。在生长高峰期7月12日至8月28日,8 d±8 d的时间差导致的NDVI差大于0.1的像元仅2.93%,是变化检测最佳时期;但在除此之外的6月10日至9月29日间,8 d±8 d时间差导致NDVI差大于0.1的像元比例超过11.42%,选择Landsat必须避开这一敏感期。结论:利用高时间分辨率MODIS-NDVI可在3个方面提高Landsat变化检测效果:①辅助选择最佳时间;②当无法选择最佳时间时,评估时间差可能引起的误差和方向;③直接使用生物物理参数作为变化检测的指标之一。