载人航天器关键电子产品综合环境应力试验

载人航天器电子产品在轨经历多种环境应力的综合作用,为提高载人航天器电子产品的可靠性,针对其综合应力环境考核需要,制定了载人航天器电子产品综合环境应力试验方案,并设计了试验程序,明确了各单项应力环境试验条件。经筛选,9艘载人航天器共136台电子产品参加了综合环境应力试验。试验结果表明,综合环境应力试验可以有效地暴露载人航天器电子产品设计和制造缺陷。     

临近空间环境及环境试验

从热力学结构、大气成分特征、大气电磁特性等方面介绍了临近空间环境参数,按照临近空间飞行器的平均密度、飞行速度、飞行高度介绍了临近空间飞行器的分类及特点。阐述了临近空间环境试验的方法,并对临近空间环境试验技术的发展提出了初步建议。     

航天器动力学试验评价技术

回顾了国内外航天器动力学试验评价技术的研究和应用,分析了国内航天器动力学试验存在的问题,阐述了复杂航天器的发展对于航天器动力学试验评价体系提出的新要求,重点分析了在评价内容、航天器环境、航天器环境模拟方法、航天器环境效应、测量与分析、评价方法及准则方面必须突破和解决的若干关键技术,展望了航天器动力学试验评价技术的发展前景。     

燃烧对SF6扩散影响的示踪试验研究

根据2010年9月,在北京某试验场开展的一系列SF6示踪扩散试验,以及获取的SF6浓度空间分布数据,以高斯模式和计算机拟合为基础,计算出SF6浓度分布在水平和垂直方向的扩散标准差、地面峰值浓度等参数,分析、总结出了在典型地理(山区和平原连接处)和边界层条件下燃烧对SF6扩散的影响。通过试验及分析可知,燃油对试验区域气流产生了明显扰动,但具体原理有待于进一步分析。     

1960~2013年我国霾污染的时空变化

利用近54年（1960～2013年）我国霾日以及一些相关气象要素的观测资料,采用气候倾向估计、聚类分析、累积距平和突变检验等多种方法,分析了我国霾日数变化特征.结果表明：我国的霾污染主要发生在中东部和南部,尤以北京、山西中部和南部、河南局部地区、长江三角洲和珠江三角洲等地最为严重,我国西部和东北部地区相对较少.霾日发生的频率总体呈增加的趋势,而且与能源消耗总量有很好的正相关关系.我国霾日数的增加除了依赖于污染源排放加剧外,不利的气候条件加剧了霾天气的发生.近54年降水日数、平均风速、日照时数和相对湿度与霾日数的相关系数分别为-0.653、-0.635、-0.462和-0.699,远远超出了99.9%的信度检验标准.聚类分析表明,上升极显著、上升显著和上升明显的站点年平均霾日数近年来均有加速上升的趋势,其累积距平的变化趋势为下降-平缓-上升型.轻微上升站点上升时期为20世纪60年代至70年代末与2000年之后,累积距平为多波动型.轻微下降与下降明显的站点快速上升时期为60年代至70年代末,随后均有不同程度的下降,累积距平呈上升-平缓-下降型,且在1992～1993年间霾日数发生了由多到少的突变.     

环境适应性要求在型号中应用问题分析

针对航空装备环境鉴定试验大纲审查中暴露的研制总要求或成品技术协议书中对"使用环境"、"环境要求"表述方面的问题,阐述了环境适应性要求的内涵和合理的表征方法,分析了目前型号中"使用环境"和"环境要求"等概念的不完整性及其带来的一些副作用,提出了使用方和型号总师单位应尽快理解和掌握有关标准中环境适应性要求的正确表述方式,并将其纳入相关文件的建议。     

Evaluation and Trend Analysis of Surface Water Quality in Zhengzhou in 1998–2008

Abstract

Water pollution is one of the major environmental problems, especially in urban areas. Due to rapid urban expansion and industrialization, water pollution in Zhengzhou City, the capital of Henan Province in central China has become a serious problem for its development. In this study, the surface water quality was evaluated using Nemerow Comprehensive Pollution Index (NCPI), and the change trend was calculated using methods of Mann-Kendall test and Sen’s slope estimator, based on the monitoring data from 1998 to 2008. The results show that the NCPI ranged from 3 to 50 in 70% of the monitoring cases, implying that most rivers were seriously polluted. However, this serious polltuon is expected to be gradually improved, as the concentration of water pollutants and NCPI declined significantly in most rivers. Water pollution in reservoirs was much lower than rivers, and the NCPI in the three monitored reservoirs was lower than 3 in most years, and shows a downward trend. Although the surface water quality was gradually improved, great efforts are still needed to enhance the protection and improvement of surface water environment.     

Comparative experimental analysis of the effect of convective heat losses on the performance of parabolic dish water heater

This paper reveals comparative experimental analysis of the effect of variation of natural and forced convection heat losses on the performance of prototype parabolic dish water heater with coated and non-coated receivers. With the above-described system, hot water needs in domestic applications can be fulfilled instantly. A parabolic dish collector was used for instant water heating. Design of solar parabolic dish collector consists of truncated cone-shaped helical coiled receiver made up of copper at focal point. Instantaneous efficiency of 63% and 48% has been achieved with coated and non-coated receivers. This prototype has been evaluated for its performance with water flow rate of 0.0076 kg/s during the months of April and May 2010 at Shivaji University, Kolhapur, Maharashtra, India (latitude: 16.42° North, longitude: 74.13° West).     

Temporal and spatial evolution characteristics of sunshine duration over Qinghai-Tibet Plateau from 1961 to 2020北大核心CSCD

Based on observation data of daily sunshine duration from 1961 to 2020 at 175 meteorological observation stations over Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and its surrounding areas, spatial transformation analysis, climate trend analysis and M-K mutation test were used to analyze the temporal and spatial variation characteristics of the seasonal and annual sunshine duration in the region in the last 60 years. The results show that (1) annual average sunshine duration was 2 323 h, the maximum was 3 487 h in Gaer, Tibet, and the minimum was 771 h in Ya'an, Sichuan. The high-value areas were mostly located in western Tibet, northern Qinghai, western Gansu, and Xinjiang, and the low-value areas were mostly located in Nyingchi in Tibet, the mountainous area on the western edge of the Sichuan Basin, and northwestern Yunnan. The highest sunshine duration was recorded in winter (631 h), and the lowest was recorded in autumn (555 h) among the four seasons. (2) The average decrease in annual sunshine duration was 10.27 h/10 a. The largest rates of decrease were mainly in Gannan of Gansu and Ganzi of Sichuan, with the largest rate of decrease of 130 h/10 a. The areas with large rates of increase were mainly in Hotan area of Xinjiang, Liangshan of Sichuan and Lhasa of Tibet, with the largest increase of 61 h/10 a. Among the four seasons, spring exhibited an upward trend, and the remainder exhibited a downward trend. (3) Before 2017, the annual sunshine duration increased but declined after 2017. Spring sunshine duration had the largest number of mutation years, and the earliest mutation time was 1963. Winter had the fewest number of mutation years and the latest mutation time occurred in 2015. In summary, the annual and seasonal sunshine duration of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau vary greatly in space, but with the general characteristics of more sunshine in the northwest and less in the southeast, and sunshine hours were mainly decreasing, with 2017 as a mutation point of annual sunshine duration. Most areas of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau have great potential for photosynthetic production and are suitable for the development of light-loving plants and high-density planting. Shade-loving or shade-tolerant plants, including tea, are suitable for development in remote mountainous areas with low sunshine values in the western part of the basin, including Ya’an, Sichuan, and other areas, such as Medog, Tibet. © 2022 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

农产品质量安全内部协调度和耦合度测算及影响因素分析

在讨论农产品质量安全内涵的基础上,构建了农产品数量安全和质量安全指标体系,基于熵值法、CRITIC法、Ganger因果检验和回归分析等方法,使用2005—2018年中国时序数据,测度农产品质量安全的耦合度和协调度,并对农产品质量安全内部协调度的农业要素投入和管制导向影响进行了研究。研究表明：农产品质量安全内部存在相对单向的扰动,属于数量安全高于质量安全的非均衡体系;农产品质量安全内部呈现出高度的内部耦合,但发展协调度不高;化学品投入和产业投入对农产品质量安全内部协调发展具有推动作用,其他要素投入影响不明显;管制导向对农产品质量安全内部协调度有积极影响,其中,农业支持保护补贴和地理标志农产品登记数量的正向影响最大。未来应该通过优化管制效能,不断提高技术投入等要素的投入效率。