Preparation and performance of novel APP/NaY–Fe suppressant for coal dust explosion

Coal dust explosion occurs easily in the coal chemical industry. To ensure safety in industrial production, NaY zeolite was used as carrier modified with Fe ions and combined with ammonium polyphosphate (APP) to prepare a novel composite suppressant for coal dust explosion. The explosion suppression performance of novel APP/NaY–Fe suppressant was investigated by flame propagation inhibition experiments. The results show that Fe ion modification can effectively improve the explosion suppression performance. By increasing content, the explosion suppression performance of the explosion suppressant increases. The maximum explosion pressure P_max of coal dust drops to 0.13 MPa when 50 wt% explosion suppressants were added, and the coal dust explosion cannot continue to expand. Complete suppression of explosion could be achieved by adding 66 wt% explosion suppressants. Combined with XRD, SEM and TG results, the explosion suppression mechanism was proposed. The novel explosion suppressant has high thermal stability, good dispersity and its explosion suppression components distribute uniformly. It shows good explosion suppression performance by the synergistic effect among explosion-suppression components.     

Microbial communities biostimulated by ethanol during uranium (VI) bioremediation in contaminated sediment as shown by stable isotope probing

Stable isotope probing (SIP) was used to identify microbes stimulated by ethanol addition in microcosms containing two sediments collected from the bioremediation test zone at the US Department of Energy Oak Ridge site, TN, USA. One sample was highly bioreduced with ethanol while another was less reduced. Microcosms with the respective sediments were amended with ¹³C labeled ethanol and incubated for 7 days for SIP. Ethanol was rapidly converted to acetate within 24 h accompanied with the reduction of nitrate and sulfate. The accumulation of acetate persisted beyond the 7 d period. Aqueous U did not decline in the microcosm with the reduced sediment due to desorption of U but continuously declined in the less reduced sample. Microbial growth and concomitant ¹³C-DNA production was detected when ethanol was exhausted and abundant acetate had accumulated in both microcosms. This coincided with U(VI) reduction in the less reduced sample. ¹³C originating from ethanol was ultimately utilized for growth, either directly or indirectly, by the dominant microbial community members within 7 days of incubation. The microbial community was comprised predominantly of known denitrifiers, sulfate-reducing bacteria and iron (III) reducing bacteria including Desulfovibrio, Sphingomonas, Ferribacterium, Rhodanobacter, Geothrix, Thiobacillus and others, including the known U(VI)-reducing bacteria Acidovorax, Anaeromyxobacter, Desulfovibrio, Geobacter and Desulfosporosinus. The findings suggest that ethanol biostimulates the U(VI)-reducing microbial community by first serving as an electron donor for nitrate, sulfate, iron (III) and U(VI) reduction, and acetate which then functions as electron donor for U(VI) reduction and carbon source for microbial growth.     

Wastewater management for hazardous chemicals ‐ disposal of ammonium perchlorate wastes from propellant production for space vehicles

An attempt to depict the wastewater treatment system for the production of ammonium perchlorate, a component of solid propellant used in space vehicles, has been made. The waste‐water management system uses solar ponds and seawater dilution for the retention and disposal of the undesirable constituents of the wastewater. The details of the wastewater generation and its treatment are highlighted in this paper.     

乙酸钠作为碳源不同污泥源短程反硝化过程亚硝酸盐积累特性

为探究乙酸钠作为碳源时,不同污泥源外源短程反硝化过程中亚硝酸盐积累特性,采用1号和2号SBR分别接种某污水处理厂二沉池和同步硝化反硝化除磷系统剩余污泥,通过合理控制初始硝酸盐浓度和缺氧时间,实现了短程反硝化的启动,并考察了其在不同初始COD和NO_3~--N浓度条件下的碳、氮去除特性.试验结果表明:以乙酸钠为碳源,1号和2号SBR可分别在21 d和20 d实现短程反硝化的成功启动,且其NO_2~--N积累量和亚硝酸盐积累率(NAR)均维持在较高水平,分别为12. 61 mg·L-1、79. 76%和13. 85 mg·L-1、87. 60%.当2号SBR初始NO_3~--N浓度为20 mg·L-1,且初始COD浓度由60mg·L-1升高至140 mg·L-1时,系统实现最高NO_2~--N积累时间可由160 min逐渐缩短至6 min,同时NO_3~--N比反硝化速率(以VSS计)由3. 84 mg·(g·h)-1增加至7. 35 mg·(g·h)-1,初始COD浓度的提高有利于实现短程反硝化过程NO_2~--N积累. 2号SBR初始COD浓度为100 mg·L-1,当初始NO_3~--N浓度由20 mg·L-1增加至30 mg·L-1时,系统NAR均维持在90%以上,最高可达100%(NO_3~--N初始浓度为25 mg·L-1);当初始NO_3~--N浓度≥35 mg·L-1时,系统COD不足导致NO_3~--N不能被完全还原为NO_2~--N.此外,在不同初始COD浓度(80、100、120 mg·L-1)和NO_3~--N浓度(20、25、30、40 mg·L-1)条件下,2号SBR的脱氮除碳和短程反硝化性能均优于1号SBR.     

Effect of environmental parameters on the degradability of polymer films in laboratory-scale composting reactors

Previous research in our laboratory reported a convenient laboratory-scale composting test method to study the weight loss of polymer films in aerobic thermophilic (53°C) reactors maintained at a 60% moisture content. The laboratory-scale compost reactors contained the following synthetic compost mixture (percentage on dry-weight basis): tree leaves (45.0), shredded paper (16.5), food (6.7), meat (5.8), cow manure (17.5), sawdust (1.9), aluminum and steel shavings (2.4), glass beads (1.3), urea (1.9), and a compost seed (1.0) which is designated Mix-1 in this work. To simplify the laboratory-scale compost weight loss test method and better understand how compost mixture compositions and environmental parameters affect the rate of plastic degradation, a systematic variation of the synthetic mixture composition as well as the moisture content was carried out. Cellulose acetate (CA) with a degree of substitution (DS) value of 1.7 and cellophane films were chosen as test polymer substrates for this work. The extent of CA DS-1.7 and cellophane weight loss as a function of the exposure time remained unchanged when the metal and glass components of the mixture were excluded in Mix-2. Further study showed that large variations in the mixture composition such as the replacement of tree leaves, food, meat, and sawdust with steam-exploded wood and alfalfa (forming Mix-C) could be made with little or no change in the time dependence of CA DS-1.7 film weight loss. In contrast, substituting tree leaves, food, meat, cow manure, and sawdust with steam-exploded wood in combination with either Rabbit Choice (Mix-D) or starch and urea (Mix-E) resulted in a significant time increase (from 7 to 12 days) for the complete disappearance of CA DS-1.7 films. Interestingly, in this work no direct correlation was observed between the C/N ratio (which ranged from 13.9 to 61.4) and the CA DS-1.7 film weight loss. Decreasing moisture contents of the compost Mix-2 from 60 and 50 and 40% resulted in dramatic changes in polymer degradation such that CA DS-1.7 showed an increase in the time period for a complete disappearance of polymer films from 6 to 16 and 30 days, respectively.Guest Editor: Dr. Graham Swift, Rohm & Haas.Paper presented at the Bio/Environmentally Degradable Polymer Society—Second National Meeting, August 19–21, 1993, Chicago, Illinois.     

Influence of physical properties of ammonium nitrate on the detonation behaviour of ANFO

In order to obtain a better understanding of the non-ideal detonation behaviour of ammonium nitrate based explosives, detonation velocities of ANFO (ammonium nitrate and fuel oil) prepared with different kinds of ammonium nitrate (AN) were measured in steel tubes. In this series of test six kinds of AN were used and the influence of the pore diameter, the pore volume and the particle diameter of the AN particle on the detonation velocity of ANFO was investigated.

It was found that the pore diameter and the pore volume had a strong influence on the detonation velocities of ANFO. In the case of ANFO samples which were prepared with AN that had the same pore diameter and the pore volume, when tested the highest detonation velocity (3.85 km/s) was observed when the smallest particle diameter (<0.85 mm) was used. This value corresponded to 75% of the ideal detonation velocity, which was theoretically predicted by the CHEETAH code with the JCZ3-EOS.

The 12 months aging showed the change of the detonation velocities of ANFO and the reaction of ANFO was influenced both by the physical and the chemical properties of AN particles and oil during the storage period.     

PTA废液回收利用技术

介绍了从精对苯二甲酸（PTA）废液中回收醋酸,邻、对苯二甲酸,醋酸钴锰盐的回收工艺。醋酸得率为90％,邻、对苯二甲酸得率为70％,醋酸钴锰盐得率为95％。该技术成熟、合理,具有较好的经济效益和环境效益。     

Polymer Mineralization in Soils: Effects of Cold Storage on Microbial Populations and Biodegradation Potential

Soil retrieval, processing and storage procedures can have a profound effect on soil microorganisms. In particular, changes in soil microbial populations may adversely affect the biological activity of a soil and drastically alter the soil's potential to mineralize added substrates. The effects of cold storage on the biodegradation of a series of test polymers was investigated using two soils—a synthetic soil mix (SM-L8) and a field soil (Bridgehampton silt loam) from Rhode Island (RI-1). Biodegradation tests were conducted using freshly prepared/collected soil and again following storage at 4°C for 3 to 8 months. Prior to each biodegradation test, the soils were incubated at 60% water-holding capacity (WHC) and 25°C to rejuvenate the microbial populations; the soils were incubated for periods of 48 h (freshly collected soil) or 25 days (soils stored at 4°C). Soil microbial populations were assessed by enumerating different segments of the population on agar plates containing different selective media. Mineralization of the test polymers (cellulose, poly-3-hydroxybutyrate, and starch acetate, d.s. 1.5) was monitored using standard respirometric techniques. Our results demonstrated that cold storage had a generally negative effect on the soil microbial populations themselves but that its effect on the capacity of the soil microorganisms to degrade the test polymers varied between soils and polymer type. Whereas cold storage resulted in dramatic shifts in the community structure of the soil microbial populations, substantial restoration of these populations was possible by first conditioning the soils at 60% WHC and ambient temperatures for 25 days. Likewise, although the effects of cold storage on polymer mineralization varied with the test polymer and soil, these effects could be largely offset by including an initial 25-day stabilization period in the test.     

三油酸甘油酯-醋酸纤维素复合膜萃取水体中痕量有机氯农药的研究

以三油酸甘油酯-醋酸纤维素复合膜(TECAM)萃取作为监测水体中痕量有机氯农药的方法．探讨分析过程中的影响因素和优化条件,结果表明,膜萃取分析方法对17种有机氯农药的平均加标回收率为53％-111％,对强疏水性污染物表现出较高的回收率．利用该方法在南方某自来水厂各工艺段水体中检测出了滴滴涕及其代谢产物、六六六等五种有机氯农药．     

醋酸纤维素吸附剂的制备及其性能表征

研究开发了1种球形醋酸纤维素吸附剂,对其制备方法、形态结构及其对水中4种有机氯农药的吸附性能进行了研究.扫描电镜结果表明,所制备醋酸纤维素吸附剂的外表面是一层致密的醋酸纤维素膜,内部为网状结构;对水中狄氏剂、艾氏剂、异狄氏剂、七氯4种有机氯农药有较强的吸附能力,12h后去除率均达到85%以上;并且对正辛醇-水分配系数(lgK_ow)较大的有机物具有更快的吸附速度,对七氯、艾氏剂的去除率在0·5h后可达99%.说明该吸附剂对水中亲脂性的有机物具有较高的吸附效能.