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141.
本文对动、植物在环境监测中的应用进行了分析、探讨,把动、植物作为环境监测的重要补充部份,将能更全面、准确的反应环境质量状况。 相似文献
142.
Marc Bekoff 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》1997,10(3):269-296
In this essay I argue that the evolutionary and comparative study of nonhuman animal (hereafter animal) cognition in a wide
range of taxa by cognitive ethologists can readily inform discussions about animal protection and animal rights. However,
while it is clear that there is a link between animal cognitive abilities and animal pain and suffering, I agree with Jeremy
Bentham who claimed long ago the real question does not deal with whether individuals can think or reason but rather with
whether or not individuals can suffer. One of my major goals will be to make the case that the time has come to expand. The
Great Ape Project (GAP) to The Great Ape/Animal Project (GA/AP) and to take seriously the moral status and rights of all animals
by presupposing that all individuals should be admitted into the Community of Equals. I also argue that individuals count
and that it is essential to avoid being speciesist cognitivists; it really doesn't matter whether ‘dogs ape’ or whether ‘apes
dog’ when taking into account the worlds of different individual animals. Narrow-minded primatocentrism and speciesism must
be resisted in our studies of animal cognition and animal protection and rights. Line-drawing into ‘lower’ and ‘higher’ species
is a misleading speciesist practice that should be vigorously resisted because not only is line-drawing bad biology but also
because it can have disastrous consequences for how animals are viewed and treated. Speciesist line-drawing also ignores within
species individual differences.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
143.
144.
145.
The concept of natural behavior is a key element in current Dutch policy-making on animal welfare. It emphasizes that animals
need positive experiences, in addition to minimized suffering. This paper interprets the concept of natural behavior in the
context of the scientific framework for welfare assessment. Natural behavior may be defined as behavior that animals have
a tendency to exhibit under natural conditions, because these behaviors are pleasurable and promote biological functioning.
Animal welfare is the quality of life as perceived by the animal. Animals have evolved cognitive-emotional systems (“welfare
needs”) to deal with a variable environment. Animals do not only have so-called physiological needs such as the need for food,
water, and thermal comfort. They also need to exercise certain natural behaviors such as rooting or nest-building in pigs,
and scratching or dust-bathing in poultry. All needs must be taken into account in order to assess overall welfare. The degree
of need satisfaction and frustration can be assessed from scientific information about the intensity, duration, and incidence
of (welfare) performance criteria such as measurements of behavior and/or (patho)physiology. Positive welfare value relates
to how animals are inclined to behave under natural conditions, in preference tests, and in consumer-demand studies. Negative
welfare value relates to stress, frustration, abnormal behavior, aggression, and reduced fitness. Examples are given to illustrate
how the need to perform natural behaviors can be assessed following the general principles for welfare assessment, providing
a first approximation of how different natural behaviors affect animal welfare. 相似文献
146.
Michael C. Morris 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2003,16(2):187-207
In common with much of theEnglish-speaking world, New Zealandersgenerally oppose the use of animalexperimentation where there is no demonstrableand immediate benefit for human, animal, orenvironmental health. Intrusive experiments onsheep internal and external parasites publishedbetween 1996 and 2000 are reviewed, anddiscussed in relation to these publicsensibilities. A total of 16 publishedexperiments on sheep parasites involvedsurgical manipulations or other intrusiveprocedures. Some of these experiments had noshort-term application, or the only applicationwas in increasing animal production. Otherscould have been modified at some extra expenseso that they were less intrusive. Still otherswere duplications of previous work. All thesemanipulations would be unacceptable accordingto the orthodox morality of the general public.Breeding programs, rotation of grazing,``low-tech' vaccination, and in vitromodels of sheep can provide insights intopreventing parasite infestation withoutintrusive experiments. Such research protocolsshould take priority over existing programs.The results also confirm earlier reports thatanimal ethics committees are not fulfillingtheir mandated objective of acting as watchdogsfor the public. Possible changes in New Zealandanimal welfare legislation and itsinterpretation by Animal Ethics Committees arediscussed. 相似文献
147.
不同资源环境梯度下吉林西部生态经济系统能值分析 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
利用能值方法,从东南-西北方向选取吉林西部长岭、乾安、大安、镇赉四县市进行不同资源环境梯度下生态经济系统演变的对比分析。结果表明1989-2001年研究区多项能值指标差异明显:①系统稳定性方面,降水相对较多的长岭和乾安稳定性强于镇赉和大安。能值密度及能值投入率为长岭>乾安>大安>镇赉。能值产出以及能值积累量呈增大趋势,增幅长岭>乾安>大安>镇赉;②系统产出结构变化显著,虽然种植业比例有所下降,但一直是长岭、乾安的主导产业,镇赉、大安畜牧业超过种植业成为主导产业,系统平均能值产出率为长岭(1.89)<乾安(1.96)<大安(1.99)<镇赉(2.29);③环境负载率长岭<乾安<大安<镇赉,可持续发展指数则相反;④资源环境条件尤其是降水是该区生态经济系统状态的重要影响因素。 相似文献
148.
宁夏盐池牧业生产系统的研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
本文采用系统科学的理论方法,详细地分析了盐池县牧业生产系统的内外关系与存在问题及相应的战略对策;结合对现实农业生态系统的能流与物流的定性分析,指出合理运行牧业生产系统,是使盐池县草原恢复、生态维持及农村经济发展的重要途径。 相似文献
149.
我国畜禽品种资源的多样性与畜牧业的可持续发展 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
在指出畜禽品种资源多样性是保证畜牧业稳定持续发展重要的基本要素的基础上,回顾与评价了近半个世纪国内外对畜禽品种资源进行的主要工作,以及对资源多样性认识的逐步进展。继之阐明了我国畜禽品种资源的多样性及其在国际上的地位和影响。然后指出了我国畜禽品种资源及其多样性面临的困境。进一步论述了六条对策,其中最重要的是从观念上和理论上彻底摈弃长期存在的对畜禽品种资源掠夺的观念和作法。并制定正确的有科学预见的保护决策和措施。 相似文献
150.
本文叙述了我国家养动物多样性的现状以及畜牧业发展中家养动物多样性保护与利用的目标及其效益;提出当前我国家养动物保扩和利用面临的问题;并就家养动物多样性保护和利用提出了7个方面的措施,强调家养动物多样性是促进畜牧业持续发展的前提。 相似文献