水环境中痕量有机有害物质的监测

论述了水中有机有害物质的监测,实质上是一项复杂系统的痕量分析课题。重点评述了痕量富集、色谱分离与监测、综合分析的主要进展。     

活性污泥数学模型中进水易降解有机物的测定

ASM系列模型 (ASMs)自推出以来在欧美得到广泛应用。要想利用ASMs对特定污水处理过程进行准确的模拟 ,首先必须得到该过程污水的水质特性参数。介绍了连续式OUR计量法、序批式OUR计量法和絮凝过滤物理化学法等 3种测定ASMs中进水易降解有机物的方法 ,通过分析比较指出了各自的优缺点及适用情况。     

圩区建设对城市水环境的影响及对策

解决好圩区建设问题,有利于减轻洪涝灾害,促进水环境保护,实现水生态恢复。分析圩区建设的必要性,以及对水环境的负面影响,提出了圩区建设的原则和策略,防洪规划和水环境保护规划必须统筹兼顾,圩区建设工程与水环境建设工程应该相互利用,在提高全市防洪能力同时,保护好圩内水质和生态环境,改善城市水环境。     

PROFILE: Hungry Water: Effects of Dams and Gravel Mining on River Channels

/ Rivers transport sediment from eroding uplands to depositional areas near sea level. If the continuity of sediment transport is interrupted by dams or removal of sediment from the channel by gravel mining, the flow may become sediment-starved (hungry water) and prone to erode the channel bed and banks, producing channel incision (downcutting), coarsening of bed material, and loss of spawning gravels for salmon and trout (as smaller gravels are transported without replacement from upstream). Gravel is artificially added to the River Rhine to prevent further incision and to many other rivers in attempts to restore spawning habitat. It is possible to pass incoming sediment through some small reservoirs, thereby maintaining the continuity of sediment transport through the system. Damming and mining have reduced sediment delivery from rivers to many coastal areas, leading to accelerated beach erosion. Sand and gravel are mined for construction aggregate from river channel and floodplains. In-channel mining commonly causes incision, which may propagate up- and downstream of the mine, undermining bridges, inducing channel instability, and lowering alluvial water tables. Floodplain gravel pits have the potential to become wildlife habitat upon reclamation, but may be captured by the active channel and thereby become instream pits. Management of sand and gravel in rivers must be done on a regional basis, restoring the continuity of sediment transport where possible and encouraging alternatives to river-derived aggregate sources.KEY WORDS: Dams; Aquatic habitat; Sediment transport; Erosion; Sedimentation; Gravel mining     

Arsenic biotransformation and an arsenite S-adenosylmethionine methyltransferase in plankton

<正>Arsenic(As)is a well-recognized toxicant and carcinogen.Chronic exposure to inorganic arsenic causes a range of human cancers(e.g.,skin,bladder,and lung)and increases the risk of developing diabetes,hypertension,and cardiovascular and neurological diseases.The prevalence of arsenic species and the severity of their health effects continue to drive and demand for extensive research(Carlin et al.,2016).     

蒲河水生态特征与修复对策研究

文章基于蒲河水生态功能三级分区建设目标,对蒲河流域水生态特征和受控因素进行了解析,探讨了具有北方地域特征河流的水生态修复对策和途径,总结了河道污染控制与水质改善实用技术的研发方向和应用的前景,为突破城市河流水生态修复的瓶颈问题提供了依据和技术支持。     

崇明典型水生生物中雌激素含量和分布特征

采用超高效液相色谱串联质谱系统(UHPLC-MS2)检测崇明岛9种典型水生生物体中5种典型雌激素的含量,包括雌酮(E1)、雌二醇(E2)、雌三醇(E3)、炔雌醇(EE2)和双酚A(BPA).并探讨其分布特征,进行初步健康风险评价.结果表明,9种典型水生生物中雌激素总量(以dw计)为1.1~7.38 ng·g-1,平均为4.25 ng·g-1.雌激素脂肪含量(以lw计)在5.01~83.41 ng·g-1之间,平均值为40.75 ng·g-1,雌激素脂肪含量水平表现为鱼类>虾类>蟹类.鱼类和蟹类,虾类之间雌激素脂肪含量差异性显著,蟹类和虾类之间不存在显著差异性.从检出率和检出含量看,甾醇类雌激素(E1、E2、E3和EE2)的残留明显低于酚类雌激素(BPA).E1、E2、E3和EE2的检出率小于66.67%,平均干重含量为0.17~0.69ng·g-1,而BPA的检出率高达100%,检出的平均干重含量为2.60 ng·g-1.健康风险评估结果表明,崇明岛水产品中雌激素对健康影响不大.     

长江口滨岸潮滩无齿相手蟹体内重金属元素的时空分布及其在环境监测中的指示作用

对长江口滨岸带无齿相手蟹体内的重金属元素分析表明:无齿相手蟹体内的Zn、Cr、Ni三种元素季节分布的总体趋势是夏季>春季>秋季。无齿相手蟹对重金属元素的累积也存在着地点间的差异。青龙港、浒浦两地的无齿相手蟹对Cu、Pb、Cr、Ni的累积量都很高,东海农场和崇明东滩的无齿相手蟹对Zn的累积量较高。对无齿相手蟹、沉积物、悬浮颗粒物中的重金属含量分析表明,无齿相手蟹对重金属Cu有一定的富集能力,适于做长江口滨岸带Cu的指示生物。     

向家坝水生态系统保护及修复思路分析

伴随着时代的迅速发展,我国的整体经济水平获得了迅速的提升,但随之也带来了相当严重的环境污染问题。在这样的状况下,人们加大了对环境保护及生态系统修复的重视度。而在当前的生态系统当中,水生态系统与人们的生活最为密切,因而需要着重给予相应的关注。本文主要以向家坝水生态系统为基础,分析了水生态系统的保护及修复思路,并提出了相应的实践建议。     

辽河流域河流栖息地评价指标与评价方法研究

建立了由底质、栖息地复杂性、速度-深度结合特性、堤岸稳定性、河道变化、河水水量状况、植被多样性、水质状况、人类活动强度和河岸土地利用类型所构成的河流栖息地评价指标体系,确定了各指标的等级划分以及栖息地综合指数的计算方法.结合2005年辽河流域河流生态调查结果,对流域内所调查的28个河段的栖息地质量状况进行了具体评价,并进一步分析了河道栖息地综合指数与河流理化因子、底栖生物以及小流域土地利用状况的相关关系.结果表明:①辽河流域28个河段的栖息地质量状况差异显著,其中10个河段达到了较好等级以上,6个仅为中等水平,12个河段为较差等级以下;②栖息地质量与理化因子、底栖生物指标具有显著相关性,表明栖息地质量是影响水质与生物状况的重要因素;③小流域的人类未利用土地比例与栖息地质量显著相关,表明小流域土地利用程度对栖息地环境质量影响较大,是恢复与保护河流栖息地质量的重要条件.