纳滤膜对有机物的截留机理研究

选用美国ＴｒｉＳｅｐ公司ＴＳ８０纳滤膜，在操作压力０．７ＭＰａ下考察了纳滤膜对有机物的截留机理，ＴＳ８０纳滤膜平均去除率为９０．３％，根据色谱质谱联机分析结果可知．ＴＳ８０纳滤膜能使色谱质谱峰丰度降低５０％左右，其对有机物的去除是由有机物的结构特征（如分子量、极性）与有机物问膜问的相互作用关系共同决定的。     

GC/MS检测自来水深度处理工艺对有机物的去除效果

用GC/MS仪分析了某市自来水深度处理工艺和常规处理工艺对有机物的去除效果,结果表明:原水中有机物53种,深度处理工艺对有机物总量的去除率为95%,常规工艺对有机物总量的去除率为86%。     

HQSAR and CoMFA approaches in predicting reactivity of halogenated compounds with hydroxyl radicals

Two quantitative structure–activity relationship (QSAR) methods: hologram QSAR (HQSAR) and comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFa) were evaluated for predicting half-lives of the hydroxyl radicals reaction with substituted aromatic compounds. The HQSAR approach, which is topological in nature, results in a mathematical model which was more stable and has a greater predictive ability than the model derived on the 3-D CoMFA approach. Interpretations of the colour coded results of both methods are in good agreement with the proposed mechanism of the hydroxyl radical oxidation of halogenated aromatic compounds in the atmosphere.     

基于2D-COS分析的难凝聚有机物臭氧化特性研究

基于二维相关光谱分析,对污水厂二级出水难凝聚有机物的臭氧化特性进行了研究.结果表明,混凝很难去除污水厂二级出水中的溶解性有机物,污水厂二级出水溶解性有机物大部分属于难凝聚有机物,以腐殖酸类物质为主.臭氧氧化可以降低二级出水混凝后上清液的色度及UV₂₅₄,去除率分别可达到70%和40%以上,但是对难凝聚有机物的去除率较低,去除率在10%以下,只是与难凝聚有机物进行了反应,改变其性质.同时,臭氧可以降低二级出水中难凝聚有机物的荧光强度,其中腐殖酸类物质的荧光强度降低较为明显.基于不同臭氧投加量下难凝聚有机物的同步荧光分析,可以得到二级出水难凝聚有机物的二维相关光谱,结果表明,腐殖酸类物质对臭氧氧化最为敏感,腐殖酸类物质与富里酸类物质相比会优先和臭氧反应.     

工业废水COD剖析分析及其与有机物总量的关系

对钢铁厂、化工厂、制药厂、煤气焦化厂、煤矿废水COD进行了剖析分析,结果表明,废水中SS和可溶性无机物对COD有着重要贡献,不同类型或同一类型的工业废水,两者对COD贡献不同,且差值较大。SS贡献最大和最小者分别为61.1％和12.4％。可溶性无机物最大和最小贡献者分别为28.4％和14.6％。原水澄清或过滤测得COD明显偏低。同时,试验了GC法测得有机物总量与澄清水和原水COD的关系,前者呈相关,r为0.8183(n=7),后者无相关性,r仅为0.379(n=7)。     

移动床生物膜反应器及其应用

介绍了移动床生物膜反应器（MBBR）的特点，讨论了MBBR中填料的材质、大小、形状、比重、数量及其有效比表面积，搅拌类型和搅拌方式，有机负荷的大小，水力停留时间，废水pH的变化等因素对移动床生物膜反应器运行效果的影响，综述了单独MBBR工艺、MBBR与活性污泥共池工艺，MBBR与其他工艺的组合工艺在废水处理中的应用现状。     

废弃菌糠资源化过程中的成分变化规律及其环境影响

针对废弃菌糠的循环利用工艺,选取杏鲍菇菌糠、平菇菌糠、菌糠有机肥等具有阶段代表性的样品,测定其营养组分、元素含量,分析菌糠在连续栽培和废弃菌糠堆肥处置过程中成分的变化,同时分析了菌糠/菌糠有机肥的重金属环境风险评估及淋溶状态下对环境可能的影响.结果表明,连续栽培后菌糠中水分下降13.8%,蛋白质、糖类则分别上升32.9%和20.4%,仍剩余大量营养物质;废菌糠堆肥后蛋白质、糖类分别下降50%和79%,木质素、纤维素、半纤维素无明显变化,C/N比下降,总腐殖酸量增加18.6%.通过重金属含量的测定,确定菌糠/菌糠有机肥中的As、Hg、Pb、Cd、Cr等重金属指标均低于我国《NY525-2012有机肥料》的限值标准.菌糠/菌糠有机肥所含氮、磷、有机物均有淋出趋势,其中有机肥的氮、有机物淋失累积量相比菌糠下降15.0%和62.8%.     

Soil-erosion and runoff prevention by plant covers in a mountainous area (se spain): Implications for sustainable agriculture

In the Mediterranean region the intensities and amounts of soil loss and runoff on sloping land are governed by rainfall pattern and vegetation cover. Over a two-year period (1998–1999), six wild species of aromatic and mellipherous plants (Thymus serpylloides subsp. Gadorensis, Thymus baeticus Boiss, Salvia lavandulifolia Vahl., Santolina rosmarinifolia L., Lavandula stoechas L. and Genista umbellata Poiret) were selected for erosion plots to determine their effectiveness in reducing water erosion on hillslopes of the Sierra Nevada Mountain (SE Spain). The erosion plots (including a bare-soil plot as control), located at 1,345 m in altitude, were 2 m² (2 m × 1 m) in area and had 13% incline. The lowest runoff and soil erosion rates, ranging from 9 to 26 mm yr⁻¹ and from 0.01 to 0.31 Mg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹, respectively, over the entire study period, were measured under the Thymus serpylloides. Lavandula stoechas L. registered the highest rates among the plant covers tested, runoff ranging from 77 to 127 mm yr⁻¹ and erosion from 1.67 to 3.50 Mg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹. In the bare-soil plot, runoff ranged from 154 to 210 mm yr⁻¹ and erosion from 4.45 to 7.82 Mg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹. According to the results, the lowest-growing plant covers (Thymus serpylloides and Salvia lavandulifolia Vahl.) discouraged the soil erosion and runoff more effectively than did the taller and open medium-sized shrubs (Santolina rosmarinifolia L., Genista umbellata Poiret, Thymus baeticus Boiss and Lavandula stoechas L.). Monitoring allowed more direct linkage to be made between plant covers and the prevention of erosion, with implications for sustainable mountain agriculture and environmental protection.     

微生物燃料电池强化去除农药2,4-二氯苯氧乙酸及同步产电性能

研究了广泛应用的农药2,4-二氯苯氧乙酸(2,4-D)存在对微生物燃料电池(microbial fuel cell,MFCs)产电性能、污染物去除及微生物群落结构的影响,并探讨了阳极预曝气对2,4-D的强化去除及产电影响.结果表明,向以乙酸钠为燃料的双室型微生物燃料电池阳极室内加入2,4-D,会降低系统输出电压,降低功率密度,增加内阻.当300 mg·L~(-1)的2,4-D与乙酸钠(850 mg·L~(-1))共存时,与乙酸钠单基质相比,最大功率密度从0.151 W·m~(-2)迅速下降到0.057 W·m~(-2),内阻相应从524Ω增加到1 230Ω.为了加快系统中2,4-D的去除,减少其对产电菌的抑制效应,采用阳极预曝气6 h的运行方式,显著提高了2,4-D去除效率,同时获得了0.42~0.47 V的最高输出电压.2,4-D加入后MFC阳极微生物群落结构发生了变化,选择出了多种2,4-D降解菌及具有2,4-D耐受能力的产电菌.研究表明,可以通过阳极预曝气方式强化2,4-D去除的同时从MFCs系统回收电能.     

纤维素基吸附剂——绿色、经济的水处理材料

介绍了一类基于天然纤维素的水处理用吸附剂.对纤维素修饰羧基等阴离子基团,可以用来吸附水中的重金属阳离子(如cd(2+)、Cu(2+)、Hg(2+)、Ni(2+)、Pb(2+).对纤维素修饰铝铁或胺基等成分,可以吸附水中含砷阴离子、氟离子等有害阴离子.在纤维素上修饰疏水链,可以吸附水中氯苯、染料等危害健康的有机物.