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Nitrosomonas europaea, a model ammonia oxidizing bacterium, was exposed to a wide variety of aromatic hydrocarbons in 3 h batch assays. The expression of NE1545, a phenol sentinel gene involved in fatty acid metabolism, was monitored via quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and a Coulter Counter technique was used to monitor changes in cell volume. Decreases in cell volume and NE1545 gene expression correlated strongly with exposure to aromatic hydrocarbons that possessed a single polar group substitution (e.g. phenol and aniline). Aromatic hydrocarbons that contain no polar group substitutions (e.g. toluene) or multiple polar group substitutions (e.g. p-hydroquinone) caused negligible changes in NE1545 expression and cell volume. The oxidation of aromatic hydrocarbons by N. europaea from configurations without a single polar group to one with two polar groups (e.g. p-cresol oxidized to 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol) and from configurations with no polar groups to one with a single polar group (e.g. ethylbenzene oxidized to 4-ethylphenol) greatly influenced NE1545 gene expression and observed changes in cell volume. Nitrification inhibition in N. europaea by the aromatic hydrocarbons was found to be completely reversible; however, the decreases in cell volume were not reversible suggesting a physical change in cell membrane composition. Ammonia monooxygenase blocking studies showed that the chemical exposure that was responsible for the cell volume decrease and up-regulation in gene expression and not the observed inhibition. N. europaea is the first bacterium shown to experience significant changes in cell volume when exposed to μM concentrations of aromatic hydrocarbons, three orders of magnitude lower than previous studies with other bacteria. 相似文献
134.
氯代有机物是一类在生产和生活中广泛应用并被大量排放到环境中的难降解有机污染物质,一旦进入生态环境,就会在水体、土壤和底质中长期残留,并在食物链中不断积累、富集,从而对生物体产生危害。因此,对受这类难降解有机物污染的环境修复是目前所迫切需要解决的环境问题之一。基于物理和化学修复方法成本较高易造成二次污染,文中探讨了国内外生物修复技术的研究进展,并对难降解氯代有机物污染环境修复的研究方向进行了展望,由于环境中的污染物质复杂多变,联合生物修复技术将成为未来的研究热点。 相似文献
135.
Zhang Y Deng S Liu Y Shen G Li X Cao J Wang X Reid B Tao S 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2011,159(3):694-699
Air-soil exchange is an important process governing the fate of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). A novel passive air sampler was designed and tested for measuring the vertical concentration profile of 4 low molecular weight PAHs in gaseous phase (PAHLMW4) in near soil surface air. Air at various heights from 5 to 520 mm above the ground was sampled by polyurethane foam disks held in down-faced cartridges. The samplers were tested at three sites: A: an extremely contaminated site, B: a site near A, and C: a background site on a university campus. Vertical concentration gradients were revealed for PAHLMW4 within a thin layer close to soil surface at the three sites. PAH concentrations either decreased (Site A) or increased (Sites B and C) with height, suggesting either deposition to or evaporation from soils. The sampler is a useful tool for investigating air-soil exchange of gaseous phase semi-volatile organic chemicals. 相似文献
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混凝工艺去除合流污水中有机物及营养元素 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
通过系列杯罐试验混凝处理合流污水,采用硫酸铝(Al2(SO4)3)、硫酸铁(Fe2(SO4)3)、聚合氯化铝(PAC)和聚合氯化铝铁(PAFC)4种混凝剂均能有效去除污水中的 TP、PO3-4-P、SS和COD。聚合金属盐(PAC和PAFC)混凝处理效果优于金属盐(Al2(SO4)3和Fe2(SO4)3),达到相同的处理效果的投加量明显低于后者。助凝剂采用聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)、聚乙烯醇(PVA)、自制的高分子聚合物(AN)和活化硅酸(AS),在保持较低混凝剂投加量的条件下可明显提高污水处理效果;添加助凝剂对强化PO3-4-P的去除作用不明显,PO3-4-P的去除仅与混凝剂的投加量相关。混凝剂和助凝剂对污水中NH3-N的去除作用相对不显著。SS去除率随混凝剂投加量的变化趋势说明混凝的机理较为复杂,可能存在多种混凝机理共同作用。 相似文献
138.
《Journal of Environmental Policy & Planning》2012,14(2):103-105
This paper seeks to make three contributions to the study of organic food in contemporary society. The first section examines the changing socio-political position of organics in the UK, taking a brief look at supply-chain and consumption relations. The second section of the paper addresses the realities of the organic sector as a mechanism for delivering rural development outcomes. This is conducted through the presentation of case study evidence from the dairy sector in Wales, looking at on-farm and supply-chain related economic impacts. The final section of the paper uses the agroecology model as a prism to examine the evolution of the organic movement in the UK and to highlight the variant and distinctive nature of UK organics. This is seen as placing limits on the capacity of the organic sector to act as a generator of rural development impacts. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley &; Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
139.
实验研究了掺杂N的TiO2光催化剂在可见光下对有机物的降解机理,研究方法有:加入自由基俘获剂探索对反应速率的影响、有机物降解过程TOC与脱色比较,化学探针法测定了实验中存在的HO.。结果表明,有机物在脱色的同时苯环也在断裂,说明有机物的降解是受无选择性的氧化剂攻击而完成;除亚甲基蓝以外,加入自由基俘获剂对可见光反应速率均有抑制现象,证明自由基的攻击是有机物可见光催化降解的主要途径。分别以二甲基亚砜和水杨酸为分子探针,实验结果证明了光催化反应系统中存在HO.物种,前者与HO.反应形成特定的偶氮结构有机物在425 nm处有吸收,后者与HO.反应生成2,3-二羟基苯甲酸和2,5-二羟基苯甲酸。亚甲基蓝、苯酚和水杨酸经5 h的可见光催化降解后,其TOC分别降低了62.8%、78.9%和96.0%,说明掺杂N的TiO2有较强的可见光催化降解有机物能力。 相似文献
140.
《Environmental Forensics》2013,14(3-4):263-278
The existing Nordtest methodology for oil spill Identification has over the past 10 years formed an important "platform" for solving oil spill identification cases both in the Scandinavian countries as well as other countries in Europe, the USA and Canada. " Revision of the Nordtest Methodology for Oil Spill Identification " is a cooperative project between the National Oil Spill Identification laboratories in Norway, Sweden, Finland, Denmark and the Battelle Memorial Institute (Duxbury) in the USA. The goals of the project are: (1) to refine the existing Nordtest methodology into a technically more robust and defensible oil spill identification methodology with focus on determination of quantitative diagnostic indices (ratios) and (2) to adjust the revised Nordtest methodology into guidelines for the European Committee for Standardization (CEN). This paper presents the recommended methodology for the analytical oil spill identification part. The sampling techniques and handling of oil samples and background (reference) samples prior to their arrival at the environmental forensic laboratory is not covered in this paper. The recommended methodology approach is a result of documented analytical improvements and a more quantitative treatment of analytical data from gas chromatographic-flame ionization detector (GC/FID) and gas chromatographic-mass spectrometer methods (GC/MS-SIM) and the operational experiences over past few years among the participating forensic laboratories. The experience and literature in the field of oil exploration and production geochemistry have also played an important role for the recommended methodology. The results from a recent Round Robin test carried out among 12 laboratories using this new methodology are presented in a separate paper in this issue (Faksness et at ., 2002d). 相似文献