郑州市环境空气中多环芳烃污染状况及变化规律的研究

对郑州市2004年环境空气中多环芳烃的污染状况及变化规律进行了初步研究,结果表明,郑州市环境空气中15种优控PAHs的浓度范围为未检出-698ng/m3,强致癌性物质苯并(a)芘的检出率为100%,其浓度范围为1.56～136ng/m3.PAHs类物质在不同季节的变化趋势为冬季＞秋季＞春季＞夏季;在不同功能区变化趋势为工业区＞混合区＞交通密集区＞文化区＞对照区.     

郑州市环境空气中挥发性有机物的组成及分布特点

初步探查研究了郑州市不同功能区环境空气中挥发性有机物(VOCs)的种类组成及TVOC和苯系物浓度分布特点,共检测出221种VOCs.交通密集区VOCs污染较重,汽车尾气是目前VOCs主要来源.     

厌氧滤床-接触氧化工艺净化槽处理太湖流域分散性生活污水的可行性研究

通过引进日本生活污水处理设施--净化槽,开发适合于太湖流域的分散性生活污水治理示范技术.研究结果表明,其推荐之一的厌氧滤床-接触氧化工艺净化槽同时具备去除有机物、氮和磷的能力.在正常运行状况下,能够达到预定的出水水质目标,即BOD≤10 mg/L、TN≤10 mg/L和TP≤1 mg/L.     

Oxidative destabilization of dissolved organics and E. coli in domestic wastewater through immobilized cell reactor system

Domestic wastewater contains a considerable amount of pathogenic organisms besides non-biodegradable organics. The conventional technologies followed for the treatment of domestic wastewater are less efficient in removing pathogenic organisms despite substantial removal of dissolved organics. The focal theme of the present investigation was to use a chemo-autotrophic activated carbon oxidation (CAACO) system, an immobilized cell reactor using chemoautotrophs (Bacillus sp.) for the treatment of domestic wastewater. The oxidation of organics and Escherichia coli in wastewater is controlled by the parameters space time, O(2)/COD, bed height and cod loading. The scheme comprised of anaerobic treatment, sand filtration and CAACO treatment removed BOD. COD, Total organic carbon (TOC), dissolved protein, total Kjeldhal nitrogen (TKN) and bacterial count (most probable number (MPN)) by 81%, 92%, 84%, 94%, 93% and 99.9997%, respectively. The low concentration of E. coli in the CAACO-treated wastewater was completely eliminated through UV irradiation in 3 min at 254 nm.     

Single-solute and bi-solute sorption of phenanthrene and pyrene onto pine needle cuticular fractions

To better understand interaction mechanisms of pine needles with persistent organic pollutants, single-solute and bi-solute sorption of phenanthrene and pyrene onto isolated cuticular fractions of pine needle were investigated. The structures of cuticular fractions were characterized by elemental analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and solid-state ¹³C NMR. Polymeric lipids (cutin and cutan) exhibited notably higher sorption capabilities than the soluble lipids (waxes), while cellulose showed little affinity with sorbates. With the coexistence of the amorphous cellulose, the sorption of cutan (aromatic core) was completely inhibited, so the cutin components (nonpolar aliphatic moieties) dominated the sorption of bulk needle cuticle. By the consumption of the amorphous cellulose under acid hydrolysis, sorption capacities of the de-sugared fractions were dramatically enhanced, which controlled by the exposed aromatic cores and the aliphatic moieties. Furthermore, the de-sugared fractions demonstrated nonlinear and competitive sorption due to the specific interaction between aromatic cores and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon.     

Starch/polyvinyl alcohol blended materials used as solid carbon source for tertiary denitrification of secondary effluent

Starch/polyvinyl alcohol （PVA） blended materials for using as a solid carbon source （SCS） were prepared by blending PVA and gelatinized starch in an aqueous solution system, in which PVA served as framework material and starch as carbon source. The optimization of starch content and temperature effects were investigated. It was indicated that higher denitrification efficiency could be achieved with more starch in the materials. The average specific denitrification rates were 0.93, 0.66, 0.37 and 0.36 mg/（g·day） corresponding to starch content of 70%, 60%, 40% and 30% respectively at 37℃. The denitrification rates increased when operating temperature was raised from 23℃ to 30℃ and then 37℃. The mechanism of carbon release was analyzed incorporating the experimental results of abiotic release in deionized water. The organic carbon was mainly hydrolyzed by microbes, and the biological release efficiencies were at the range of 89.2% to 96.0%. A long-term experiment with a continuous flow reactor with SCS material containing 70% starch was conducted to gain some experience for practical application. When the influent nitrate concentration was in the range of 35.2 to 39.1 mg/L, hydraulic retention time of 4 hr, and operating temperature of 30℃, a nitrogen removal efficiency up to 94.6% and denitrification rate of 0.217 kg/（m3.day） was achieved. The starch-based materials developed in this study can be used as a solid carbon source for tertiary nitrogen removal from secondary effluent.     

南太湖地区湖州市大气PM_(2.5)中多环芳烃的研究——污染现状和人体暴露健康风险评价

运用智能综合大气采样仪采集了南太湖地区湖州市大气PM 10和PM 2.5样品,采用高效液相色谱检测了该样品中16种多环芳烃化合物,通过苯并(a)芘(Ba P)致癌等效浓度、人群终身超额致癌风险和预期寿命损失等指标,评价湖州市大气PM2.5中多环芳烃的人群健康风险。结果表明:全市大气PM 2.5中多环芳烃全年总平均浓度为11.59 ng/m 3,季平均浓度范围在4.775~23.98 ng/m3之间,季节之间呈现一定的变化,冬季秋季春季夏季;全市大气PM 2.5中多环芳烃的苯并(a)芘总致癌等效浓度(TEQ)年均值为1.138 ng/m3,污染所致的成人和儿童的终身超额致癌风险分别为8.7×10-6和6.0×10-6,成人的预期寿命损失为44.5 min。     

臭氧氧化饮用水过程中可同化有机碳生成的影响因素

研究臭氧化过程中,臭氧投加量、p H值和离子强度对可同化有机碳(assimilable organic carbon,AOC)生成量的影响.结果表明,臭氧投加量在1~5 mg·L~(-1)范围,AOC的生成量随着投加量的增加而增加,但过高的臭氧投加量(9 mg·L~(-1))反而导致AOC生成量下降.p H越高(6~9),AOC的生成量也越高.AOC的生成量随着离子强度的升高而下降.臭氧氧化强疏组分AOC的生成量最高,其次为弱疏,而极亲和中亲最低.研究发现,AOC的生成量与小分子有机物的SUVA有密切的关系,较低的SUVA产生较多的AOC.     

微网生物动态膜过滤性能的研究

采用普通微网材料加工的过滤组件与生物反应器一起构成动态膜-生物反应器,研究了微网上所形成的生物动态膜的过滤性能.生物动态膜所具有的较强截留能力主要是由附着的凝胶层产生.动态膜对相对分子质量＜3×10³至＞1×10⁵的各个级别的溶解性有机物都有30%～60%的截留率,但过滤的精度并不很高,不能完全截留相对分子质量大于1×10⁵的溶解性有机物.已经覆盖有凝胶层的膜片与未使用过的新膜片的清水过滤阻力几乎相等,约为1.9×109m^-1.由滤饼产生的过滤阻力占运行中动态膜片总过滤阻力的绝大部分.新膜片在清水通过时有明显的初始阻力,而有凝胶层覆盖时的膜片几乎没有初始过滤阻力.     

超声处理对污泥厌氧消化的影响——消化效率对比

为研究超声处理对污泥消化效率的影响，笔者在大坦沙污水处理厂做了现场对比试验。所用的污泥分别为经过和未经过超声处理的污泥。试验结果显示，超声处理可以显著缩短消化罐的调试周期并提高消化效率，不同的混合比例可以使产气率提高30％～60％。