有机危险废物在惰性气氛中热降解动力学特征

为研究有机危险废物在惰性或还原性高温工业窑炉(如炼铁高炉、炼焦炉、煤气化炉、煤液化炉等)中的协同处置效果,分别选择热稳定性在第1~2等级中的典型有机物——苯和氯乙烯,在氮气气氛高温管式炉进行热降解试验. 将定量的气态苯或氯乙烯分别与氮气混合后通入高温管式炉中,采用GC-MS检测煅烧后尾气中苯和氯乙烯的浓度,以分析其热降解特性. 结果表明:苯在500~1 100 ℃时热降解率(a)随温度(T)升高而快速增加,增幅达70%;在1 100 ℃以上时,苯热降解率缓慢增加,最终达到完全降解.氯乙烯在300~900 ℃时热降解率快速增加,增幅在55%左右,900 ℃以上热降解率增加缓慢直至完全降解.苯和氯乙烯的热降解率均随煅烧时间(t)增加而升高.苯和氯乙烯的热降解动力学模型分别为a=1-exp[-743.3exp(-12 930/T)t]和a=1-exp[-3.90exp(-4 307.8/T)t].通过苯的热降解动力学模型,可预测热稳定性高于氯乙烯的有机物的热降解率;而通过氯乙烯的热降解动力学模型,可预测比其热稳定性低的有机物的热降解率.      

不同土地利用类型作物中多环芳烃含量调查

文章调查了江苏苏州某典型生态示范区内,多环芳烃在不同土地利用类型和各种作物的富集、迁移、转化情况并进行比对、分析,确定不同土地利用类型中作物多环芳烃污染水平不同;不同作物对多环芳烃的富集效率不同;同一作物的不同组织(器官)多环芳烃含量也不同,初步分析了多环芳烃在水-土-气各介质之间的迁移富集规律.为推进江苏"生态省"建设与可持续发展提供一定的技术参考依据.     

气溶胶中有机物的研究进展和前景

首先指出了气溶胶中有机物的研究意义 ,接着介绍了目前对气溶胶中有机物的化学组成、来源和成因、环境和健康效应的认识 ,综述了分析测试方法的研究现状 ,并评述了其研究前景     

难降解有机物污染底质原位修复技术研究进展

随着水环境外污染源得到有效控制,底质污染逐渐成为人们关注的焦点.底质中的污染物尤其是难降解有机物可通过生物富集和生物放大等过程,进一步影响陆生生物和人类的健康.因此,对底质中难降解有机物的修复是目前所迫切需要解决的环境问题之一.基于异位修复成本较高易造成二次污染等缺点,文章针对难降解有机物污染底质,探讨了原位修复技术的研究进展,自然修复成本较低,对生态环境不产生干扰,但不适用于高浓度污染底质;植物修复操作简单,能有效防止污染底质再悬浮,但对高浓度难降解有机物耐受性较低;微生物修复适用范围广,修复效果较为显著,但菌体易流失,对环境的适应性较差.于是,固定化修复技术应运而生,固定化技术能解决传统的微生物修复存在的很多问题,但固定化载体的重复可利用性和再生性问题仍有待解决.文章最后对今后难降解有机物污染底质的研究方向进行了展望,由于污染底质多为复合污染,各取所长的联合修复技术将成为未来的研究热点.     

通风及营养元素对多环芳烃污染土壤修复影响

文章在无外源接种体的条件下,评估了强制通风(通风量为1.51 L/min)与营养元素对土壤中多环芳烃(PAHs)降解的交互作用。结果表明:仅靠合适的营养液配方和长时间通风可以刺激污染土壤中的土著微生物生长,并影响微生物菌群的形成。通风同时添加营养液有利于好氧菌生长、加快PAHs的降解;与通风相比,添加营养元素是影响PAHs降解的主要因素。通风和添加营养元素对3环PAHs降解影响不显著,但可促进4环、5环和6环PAHs污染物降解。60 d内,仅通风、仅添加营养元素、同时通风和添加营养元素处理的PAHs分别降解了52%、59%、67%。     

水体重金属-有机物复合污染的协同处理技术研究进展

重金属离子与有机污染物可以通过多种方式共同存在于水体环境中,形成复合污染。本文在简述重金属-有机物复合污染的来源和相互作用机理的基础上,详细阐述了现有的协同处理技术的研究和应用现状,分析了各种技术的原理、效果、优势以及缺陷,为进一步开发新型协同处理技术提供参考,对水体污染的防治具有积极意义。     

Ozonation of aromatic monomer compounds in water: factors determining reaction outcomes

● p- CNB and IBP were selected, to explore factors determining ozonation outcomes. ● •OH contributed only 50 % to IBP removal, compared to the 90 % for p -CNB removal. ● IBP achieved fewer TOC removal and more by-product types and quantities. ● A longer ring-opening distance existed during the degradation of IBP. ● Multiple positions on both branches of IBP were attacked, consuming more oxidants. For aromatic monomer compounds (AMCs), ozonation outcomes were usually predicted by the substituents of the benzene ring based on the electron inductive effect. However, the predicted results were occasionally unreliable for complex substituents, and other factors caused concern. In this study, p-chloronitrobenzene (p-CNB) and ibuprofen (IBP) were selected for ozonation. According to the electron inductive theory, p-CNB should be less oxidizable, but the opposite was true. The higher rates of p-CNB were due to various sources of assistance. First, the hydroxyl radical (•OH) contributed 90 % to p-CNB removal at pH 7.0, while its contribution to IBP removal was 50 %. Other contributions came from molecular O₃ oxidation. Second, p-CNB achieved 40 % of the total organic carbon (TOC) removal and fewer by-product types and quantities, when compared to the results for IBP. Third, the oxidation of p-CNB started with hydroxyl substitution reactions on the benzene ring; then, the ring opened. However, IBP was initially oxidized mainly on the butane branched chain, with a chain-shortening process occurring before the ring opened. Finally, the degradation pathway of p-CNB was single and consumed fewer oxidants. However, both branches of IBP were attacked simultaneously, and three degradation pathways that relied on more oxidants were proposed. All of these factors were determinants of the rapid removal of p-CNB.     

固定化优势菌种处理焦化废水中几种难降解有机物的试验研究

针对焦化废水中的３种难降解有机物（喹啉、异喹啉、吡啶）筛选了具有效高降解能力的优势菌种。采用无纺布－PVA复合载体对优势菌种进行包埋固定。研究了包埋固定化优势菌种对相应有机物的降解特性。结果表明,经优势菌种处理8h,3种难降解有机物均可降解90％以上。     

A／O工艺处理废塑料碱洗废水

在废塑料回收利用过程中排放的碱洗废水含有多种难降解有机物。详细介绍了A／O工艺在处理碱洗废水中的应用。工程实践运行表明，该工艺处理效果好、运行稳定、投资省。     

Beyond the social construction of nature: rethinking political economies of the environment

This paper seeks to make three contributions to the study of organic food in contemporary society. The first section examines the changing socio-political position of organics in the UK, taking a brief look at supply-chain and consumption relations. The second section of the paper addresses the realities of the organic sector as a mechanism for delivering rural development outcomes. This is conducted through the presentation of case study evidence from the dairy sector in Wales, looking at on-farm and supply-chain related economic impacts. The final section of the paper uses the agroecology model as a prism to examine the evolution of the organic movement in the UK and to highlight the variant and distinctive nature of UK organics. This is seen as placing limits on the capacity of the organic sector to act as a generator of rural development impacts. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley &; Sons, Ltd.