高效稳定的单一汞同位素大气发生系统

汞在大气-植被-土壤界面间的迁移转化一直是近年来研究的热点,稳定汞同位素添加技术为这一科学问题的研究提供了新的手段,而如何产生低浓度、稳定、连续且经济可行的单一汞同位素大气(xxx Hg0)是试验研究的难点与关键。本试验旨在设计、创建微环境单一汞同位素富集大气的发生系统,该系统不仅具有低成本,可以连续产生低浓度、稳定性强、可控性高、利用效率高的同位素汞蒸气(xxx Hg0)特性,还兼有轻便灵巧、安装便捷、可移动性强和适用范围广等特点。     

内江市大气细颗粒物化学组成及其消光特征

2012—2013年在内江市环境监测站楼顶采集了PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)样品,并分析了颗粒物中金属无机元素、水溶性离子和碳质组分的质量浓度,以研究颗粒物的污染水平及其消光特性.采样期间,内江市的PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)浓度分别为(116.3±54.7)μg·m~(-3)和(78.6±36.8)μg·m~(-3);颗粒物污染冬季较重,其次为秋季,春季和夏季污染水平相当.内江市PM_(2.5)中以二次无机离子(SNA,42.5%)和有机物(OM,35.0%)污染最为突出,其次为地壳元素(Soil,11.4%)、元素碳(EC,5.2%)和微量元素(Trace,0.3%).高相对湿度和细颗粒物浓度是导致内江灰霾频发的主要原因,10km能见度对应的PM_(2.5)浓度界值为72.2μg·m~(-3).采用IMPROVE模型计算,内江市PM_(2.5)的平均散射系数为(504.6±293.2)Mm-1,吸光系数平均为(41.0±20.6)Mm-1;PM_(2.5)中硫酸盐对消光系数贡献最大,占40.0%;其次为有机物和硝酸盐,贡献率分别是29.2%和15.3%;EC的贡献率为7.3%.PM_(2.5)质量浓度与散射系数呈现出较强的线性关系(r=0.88),通过回归方程得到PM_(2.5)的质量散射效率为4.2 m~2·g~(-1).     

Trends and characteristics of animal-vehicle collisions in the United States

Introduction

Since 1990, fatal animal-vehicle collisions (AVCs) in the United States have more than doubled. This paper examines annual AVC trends in the United States over a 19-year period, seasonal and diurnal patterns of AVC risk, the geographic distribution of crash risk by state, and the association between posted speed limit and AVC crash risk in darkness.

Method

AVCs were compiled from the Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) and the General Estimates System (GES) for the years 1990-2008 to examine annual crash trends for fatal and nonfatal crashes. Seasonal trends for fatal AVCs were examined with the aggregated FARS dataset; seasonal trends for fatal and nonfatal AVCs were also examined by aggregating four years of Michigan crash data. State-by-state distributions of fatal AVCs were also described with the aggregated FARS dataset. Finally, the relationship between posted speed limit and the odds that a fatal or nonfatal AVC occurred in darkness were examined with logistic regressions using the aggregated FARS and Michigan datasets.

Results

Between 1990 and 2008, fatal AVCs increased by 104% and by 1.3 crashes per trillion vehicle miles travelled per year. Although not all AVCs involve deer, daily and seasonal AVC crash trends follow the general activity pattern of deer populations, consistent with prior reports. The odds that a fatal AVC occurred in darkness were also found to increase by 2.3% for each mile-per-hour increase in speed; a similar, albeit smaller, effect was also observed in the aggregated Michigan dataset, among nonfatal crashes.

Conclusion

AVCs represent a small but increasing share of crashes in the United States. Seasonal and daily variation in the pattern of AVCs seem to follow variation in deer exposure and ambient light level. Finally, the relative risk that a fatal and nonfatal AVC occurred in darkness is influenced by posted speed limit, suggesting that a driver's limited forward vision at night plays a role in AVCs, as it does in pedestrian collisions.

Impact on Industry

The association between speed limit and crash risk in darkness suggests that AVC risk might be reduced with countermeasures that improve a driver's forward view of the road.     

苏州市区能见度变化特征及影响因素分析

近一年的观测结果表明,苏州市区能见度年均值为15.8 km.一年之中,7月能见度水平最高,11月能见度水平最低,月均值为10.5 km.一日之中,早8时左右能见度最差,14时左右最好.导致苏州市区能见度水平下降的主要污染因子为PM2.5,相同PM2.5浓度下,能见度随着湿度的升高而下降.     

气象因子与地理因子对长江三峡库区雾的影响

为研究长江三峡库区气象因子与地理因子对雾情(能见度)的影响程度,定量描述以厘定影响雾发生的主要气象因子和地理因子,为能见度监测预报提供科学依据。选用2011~2012年长江三峡航道湖北宜昌至重庆宜宾段29个人工观测雾情台站资料和12个能见度观测仪资料,首先采用判别分析法寻找不同月份对雾情等级影响较大的气象因子,进一步采用通径分析法对量化的雾情资料分析地形地貌及气象因子对其的直接、间接影响程度。结果表明:常规气象要素对判断站点中雾和大雾的符合率在50%以上。风速、温度和湿度是影响秋末和冬季雾情等级的最主要气象因子。气象要素中的1 000 hPa湿度对能见度值的直接作用最大,通径系数为-0.518 2,而地理要素中山体与河面的落差对雾的滋生有间接作用。     

Economic Conditions,the Policy Cycle,and Media Visibility of Environmental Organizations

The extent to which social movements have access to the news media has important implications on the capability of social movements to communicate with and garner support from the public. Factors that shape movement organizations' media visibility thus deserve scholarly attention. This article deals with news coverage of environmental movement organizations (EMOs) in Hong Kong and focuses on the impact of economic conditions, the policy cycle, and the number of EMOs in society on media visibility of EMOs. Analysis of a data-set constructed based on archival data and official statistics illustrates that all three factors influence media visibility of EMOs through media attention to environmental issues, while the number of EMOs and economic conditions also affect media visibility of EMOs directly. In-depth interview data are then used to supplement the quantitative analysis by showing how movement activists perceive and respond strategically to the structural factors. Theoretical implications of the findings are discussed.     

苏州城区能见度与颗粒物浓度和气象要素的相关分析

利用苏州市2009年9月─2010年5月的颗粒物(包括黑碳,PM_2.5和PM₁₀)质量浓度、能见度、相对湿度、风速、风向、气温等观测资料,分析了苏州城区能见度与颗粒物质量浓度及气象要素的相关关系.结果表明:ρ(黑碳),ρ(PM_2.5)和ρ(PM₁₀₎与能见度的r(相关系数)分别为-0.465,-0.359和-0.238,这3种颗粒物中,能见度与ρ(黑碳)的相关性最显著.当相对湿度≤60%时,ρ(黑碳),ρ(PM_2.5)和ρ(PM₁₀₎与能见度的r分别为-0.675,-0.411和-0.364.相对湿度较低时,颗粒物与能见度相关性较好.能见度与温度、风速的r分别为0.132和0.188,与相对湿度的r为-0.632.用颗粒物质量浓度和气象要素建立的能见度多元线性回归模型效果不好,在该模型基础上用ρ(黑碳),ρ(PM₁₀₎和相对湿度建立了能见度的多元二次回归模型,R(复相关系数)达到0.865,R2(复决定系数)达到0.749.      

合肥市郊夏季PM10浓度及其与能见度的关系

年8—9月在合肥市郊对ρ(PM₁₀)进行了观测,并分析了其中9种水溶性离子(NO₂-、Cl-、NO₃-、SO₄2-、NH₄+、Ca2+、Na+、Mg2+、K+)质量浓度. 结果表明:采样期间该地区ρ(PM₁₀)日均值为78.9 μg/m3,9种水溶性离子的平均质量浓度为18.93 μg/m3,占ρ(PM₁₀)的26.6%,表明水溶性组分是PM₁₀的重要组成之一. SO₄2-、NO₃-、NH₄+和Ca2+是主要的阴、阳离子,日均质量浓度分别为8.14、4.81、3.46和1.33 μg/m3. 不同RH(相对湿度)下PM₁₀对能见度的影响不同,RH小于80%时,二者呈显著的线性负相关〔R(相关系数)为-0.80〕;RH大于80%时,二者呈指数负相关(R为-0.48). 离子间相关性分析显示,PM₁₀中水溶性离子的主要结合方式为(NH₄)₂SO₄、NH₄HSO₄、NH₄NO₃、KCl及K₂SO₄. 采样期间ρ(NO₃-)/ρ(SO₄2-)平均值为0.59,说明在该地区固定源对水溶性组分的贡献大于移动源. 另外,扬尘也是PM₁₀重要来源之一.      

杭州市大气颗粒物消光组分的粒径分布特征研究

2010年8月在杭州市朝晖、云栖、杭钢和下沙4个点位采集了不同粒径大气颗粒物样品,并对其主要消光组分的粒径分布特征进行了分析,包括SO42-、NO3-、NH4+、OC和EC等.同时在朝晖点位对多种气态污染物和多个气象要素进行了同步观测,以评估杭州市能见度下降的影响因素.结果表明:PM2.5、RH、SO2和NO2均与能见度呈一定负相关关系.4个监测点位颗粒物浓度变化均呈双峰型,峰值出现在0.4~0.7μm和9.0~10μm粒径段.以3.3μm为粗细颗粒的分界线,不同监测点位PM10中粗、细颗粒所占比例均等.水溶性离子消光组分的浓度大小顺序为:SO42->NH4+>NO3-. SO42-、NO3-和NH4+均显单峰结构,SO42-和NH4+的峰值出现在0.4~1.1μm的粒径段,NO3-峰值出现在5.8~10μm粒径段.OC显单峰结构,峰值出现在0.4~0.7μm粒径段;EC显双峰结构,峰值出现在0.4~0.7μm和2.1~3.3μm范围内.因而,要解决杭州的能见度问题,应减少细颗粒物,尤其是粒径<1.1μm的颗粒物的污染. NO3-、SO42-、OC和EC对杭州市颗粒物消光能力相对贡献率之比为2.2%:13.7%:29.8%:43.8%.因此要有效控制杭州市大气能见度的降低趋势, 首要的就是控制EC的主要排放源,即机动车尾气的排放.     

广州城区大气细颗粒物粒谱分布特征分析

2008年10~11月,利用大气细粒子谱分析仪(FPM-I型)对广州城区5nm~10μm大气细粒子谱进行长期连续在线测量.同时,利用大气能见度仪、黑碳分析仪、气象参数仪获取了观测点的大气能见度、黑碳质量浓度和气象参数信息. 颗粒物谱型分析结果表明:整个观测期内,颗粒物数浓度谱、表面积谱及体积谱均呈双峰结构. 广州地区核模态(5~20nm)、爱根核模态(20~100nm)和积聚模态(0.1~1μm)粒子日平均浓度变化范围分别为1400~4300个/cm3、5000~12300个/cm3和1600~2600个/cm3.晴天和灰霾天气下颗粒物数浓度、黑碳浓度及大气能见度对比分析结果表明:广州地区大气能见度的高低受核模态和爱根核模态粒子浓度的影响较小,与积聚模态粒子浓度呈负相关关系;黑碳质量浓度峰值的出现位置与爱根核模态粒子浓度峰值位置相一致,表明爱根核模态粒子对黑碳浓度的贡献不能忽略.