Which compounds contribute most to elevated airborne exposure and corresponding health risks in the Western Balkans?

A majority of ongoing monitoring of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) is currently focused on chemicals emphasized in the Stockholm Convention. Quantitative detection of other substances (especially those with numerous anthropogenic sources such as polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)) is, however, also needed since their concentrations are usually several orders of magnitude higher. A goal of this study was to determine how various groups of compounds contribute to total human health risks at the variety of sampling sites in the region of Western Balkan. Distribution of the risks between the gas and particulate phases was also addressed. Results showed that inhalation exposure to organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) does not represent a significant risk to humans, while polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) re-volatilized to the atmosphere from contaminated soils and buildings can pose a problem. PCB evaporation from primary sources (currently used PCB-filled transformers or non-adequate storage facilities) generally resulted in much higher atmospheric concentrations than evaporation from the secondary sources (soils at the sites of war destructions). A majority of the human health risks at the urban sites were associated with PAHs. Between 83 and 94% of the cumulative risk at such sites was assigned to chemicals sorbed to particles, and out of it, PAHs were responsible for 99%.     

大气固定污染源低浓度颗粒物采样及分析技术研究进展

简述了我国现阶段大气固定污染源颗粒物监测中遇到的问题及低浓度颗粒物采样与分析技术研究的必要性,归纳了国外低浓度颗粒物采样分析技术要点,包括大体积采样、滤筒上游采样设备堆积颗粒物的回收、有效称重步骤的确立等,并对我国开展低浓度颗粒物采样及分析技术研究提出了相关建议.     

大气压光电离技术及其在环境污染物分析中的应用

介绍了液相色谱-质谱联用(LC-MS)技术中新型软电离技术大气压光电离法(APPI)的基本原理、鼻子源结构以及电离的影响因素,综述了LC-APPI-MS在环境污染物定性定量分析中的应用.     

Heavy metals in bark of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pinus massoniana</Emphasis> (Lamb.) as an indicator of atmospheric deposition near a smeltery at Qujiang,China

Goal, Scope and Background Rapid urbanization and the expansion of industrial activities in the past several decades have led to large increases in emissions of pollutants in the Pearl River Delta of south China. Recent reports have suggested that industrial emission is a major factor contributing to the damages in current natural ecosystem in the Delta area. Tree barks have been used successfully to monitor the levels of atmospheric metal deposition in many areas, but rarely in China. This study aimed at determining whether atmospheric heavy metal deposition from a Pb-Zn smeltery at Qujiang, Guangdong province, could be accurately reflected both in the inner bark and the outer bark of Masson pine (Pinus massoniana L.). The impact of the emission from smeltery on the soils beneath the trees and the relationships of the concentrations between the soils and the barks were also analyzed. Methods Barks around the bole of Pinus massoniana from a pine forest near a Pb-Zn smeltery at Qujiang and a reference forest at Dinghushan natural reserve were sampled with a stainless knife at an average height of 1.5 m above the ground. Mosses and lichens on the surface barks were cleaned prior to sampling. The samples were carefully divided into the inner bark (living part) and the outer bark (dead part) in the laboratory, and dried and ground, respectively. After being dry-ashed, the powder of the barks was dissolved in HNO₃. The solutions were analyzed for iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni) and cobalt (Co) by inductively coupled plasmas emission spectrometry (ICP, PS-1000AT, USA) and Cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS, ZEENIT 60, Germany). Surface soils (0–10 cm) beneath the sample trees were also collected and analyzed for the selected metals. Results and Discussion Concentrations of the selected metals in soils at Qujiang were far above their environmental background values in the area, except for Fe and Mn, whilst at Dinghushan, they were far below their background values, except for Cd and Co. Levels of the metals, in particular Pb and Zn, in the soils beneath the sample trees at Qujiang were higher than those at Dinghushan with statistical significance. The result suggested that the pine forest soils at Qujiang had a great input of heavy metals from wet and dry atmospheric deposition, with the Pb-Zn smeltery most probably being the source. Levels of Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, Ni and Pb at Qujiang, both in the inner and the outer bark, were statistically higher than those at Dinghushan. Higher concentrations of Pb, Fe, Zn and Cu may come from the stem-flow of elements leached from the canopy, soil splash on the 1.5 m height and sorption of metals in the mosses and lichens growing on the bark, which were direct or indirect results from the atmospheric deposition. Levels of heavy metals in the outer barks were associated well with the metal concentrations in the soil, reflecting the close relationships between the metal atmospheric deposition and their accumulation in the outer bark of Masson pine. The significant (p<0.01) correlations of Fe-Cu, Fe-Cr, Fe-Pb, Fe-Ni, Pb-Ni, and Pb-Zn in the outer barks at Qujiang again suggested a common source for the metals. The correlation only occurred between Pb and Ni, Cd and Co in the outer barks at Dinghushan, which suggested that those metals must possibly have other uncommon sources. Conclusions Atmospheric deposition of the selected metals was great at Qujiang, based on the levels in the bark of Pinus massoniana and on the concentrations in the soils beneath the trees compared with that at Dinghushan. Bark of Pinus massoniana, especially the outer bark, was an indicator of metal loading at least at the time of sampling. Recommendations and Perspectives The results from this study and the techniques employed constituted a new contribution to the development of biogeochemical methods for environmental monitoring particularly in areas with high frequency of pollution in China. The method would be of value for follow up studies aimed at the assessment of industrial pollution in other areas similar with the Pearl River Delta.     

大气环境无人机监测方法研究

目前地面常规大气监测手段难以对垂直方向污染源监测,也难以应对环境突发事件,采用无人机大气监测与数值模拟结合的方法可以解决该问题。实验开发了基于无人机平台的空气质量监测平台,采用数值模拟方法确定平台搭载方案,再对无人机监测系统得到的监测数据与数值模拟计算结果作对比分析,得到各项污染物浓度。分析了该方法存在的问题,提出了提高数据链路传输能力,开展无人机遥感系统相关环境质量评价方法学研究,开发精度高、质量轻的无人机大气监测吊舱,开展地面静止比对和飞行测量比对实验等建议。     

青岛市区春夏季大气能见度与颗粒物的关系

利用青岛市灰霾综合观测站2012年3月2日-2012年6月7日期间的监测数据,分析了青岛市区大气能见度与不同粒径颗粒物质量浓度的日变化特征,比较了各级别大气能见度下不同粒径颗粒物质量浓度及所占比例的相关性,研究了相对湿度对大气能见度和颗粒物质量浓度相关性的影响.结果表明,监测时段大气能见度与颗粒物质量浓度呈现较好的负相关,每天大气能见度最低值出现在早晨07:00--09:00;剔除相对湿度高于90％的前提下,PM2.5是影响大气能见度的主要因子,随着其在PM1o中所占比例上升,大气能见度级别不断下降,相关系数为-0.84;不同相对湿度区间下,PM2.5对大气能见度的影响最明显,其中,相对湿度为60％ ～ 70％,大气能见度与颗粒物质量浓度之间的相关性最好.     

乌鲁木齐市近年来大气降尘变化规律及空间分布特征

基于乌鲁木齐市多年监测的降尘数据,对乌鲁木齐市城区的降尘量进行了统计分析,得出了乌鲁木齐市近10年来降尘的总体变化规律;利用方差分析方法检验了不同季节降尘的显著性差异,发现采暖期的降尘量明显大于非采暖期;按行政区分析降尘量的分布变化,结果为不同行政区存在差别;利用秩相关系数法对其进行了趋势分析。结果表明,乌鲁木齐市的降尘呈下降趋势。利用Arc GIS9.3中的普通克里格插值方法绘制了乌鲁木齐市城市自然降尘的空间分布图。     

大气环境数据分析预测方法对比研究

以西安市2006年9月27日至2008年5月3日每日的SO2平均浓度时间序列为例,应用时间序列分析对前555个数据进行拟合,得到合适的时间序列模型ARIMA(1,1,2);利用神经网络中的BP神经网络和RBF神经网络对同样的样本进行训练,用这三种方法对2008年4月4日至2008年5月3日的SO2日均浓度值进行了预测,并用同样的方法分析预测了同期PM10日均浓度值,最后比较了它们的预测效果。结果表明,利用这三种方法进行浓度预测都是可行的,其中RBF神经网络法的预测误差最小,效果最好。     

南京市冬季大气颗粒态汞的分布特征

采集了南京市2012年冬季4个功能区的PM2．5、PM10、TSP样品,对不同粒径大气颗粒物中的颗粒态汞测试。结果表明,南京冬季大气颗粒物TSP中汞的质量浓度为49．26 pg/m3～257．14 pg/m3,平均质量浓度为161．27 pg/m3;PM10中汞的质量浓度为44．82 pg/m3～228．29 pg/m3,平均质量浓度为147．38 pg/m3;PM2．5中汞的质量浓度为35．98 pg/m3～178．58 pg/m3,平均质量浓度为104．10 pg/m3。不同功能区大气颗粒态汞质量浓度的分布趋势为：交通综合区＞旅游区＞住宿综合区＞商业区。大气颗粒态汞60％以上存在于可吸入肺的PM2．5中,细颗粒物富集汞的能力比粗颗粒物强。     

基于平衡计分卡的大气环境监测数据共享网站绩效评估研究

基于平衡计分卡原理,结合网站特点,建立了大气环境监测数据共享网站绩效评估模型。以共享网站的战略愿景为模型框架的中心,以财务、顾客、内部程序、学习与成长等4个基本维度为一级指标,构建了绩效评估指标体系,并采用层次分析法确定了各指标的权重。利用该模型对长三角区域空气质量预测预报系统和宁波市空气质量预报预警平台的大气数据共享模块进行实证研究,绩效评估结果均为良好。