面向设计的地铁车站防火安全韧性评价*

为提升地铁车站防火安全韧性,以设计方案为切入视角,基于防火安全韧性的吸收、抵抗、恢复和适应能力4个维度,构建基于ANP-熵权法面向设计的地铁防火安全韧性评价指标体系,运用逼近理想解法建立地铁车站防火安全韧性设计评价模型,通过3个已建地铁车站（青岛、沈阳、福州某地铁车站）的设计案例验证该模型的有效性和可行性。研究结果表明:3个应用案例中,沈阳某地铁车站设计防火安全韧性最高,福州某地铁车站设计防火安全韧性最低,需进一步提升防火安全能力。评价结果与各案例的实际运行阶段基本吻合,研究思路和结果对改善地铁车站的防火安全设计具有一定参考意义。     

多层递阶方法在变化环境下非一致性水文序列分析中的应用

由于受人类活动、气候等外界变化环境的影响,用于水资源评价计算的天然年径流量序列失去了一致性。为了适应变化环境对水文预报的要求,提出了基于时变参数的非一致性年径流序列的多层递阶预报方法。该方法不同于传统带固定参数的模型,它是将预报对象看作为随机动态时变系统,首先进行动态系统的时变参数预报,进而在参数预报基础之上对系统状态预报,从而提高了预测结果的可靠性。以闽江竹岐水文站为例,进行年径流量的中长期预报,为区域水资源的优化管理提供科学的依据。     

基于遥感的巢湖悬浮泥沙分布的环境背景分析

悬浮泥沙是重要的水质参数之一,对水体透明度、浑浊度、水色等光学性质及水生生态条件产生直接影响,水体的含沙量及其动态变化对区域水下地貌的发展及冲淤变化等具有非常重要的影响. 以巢湖为例,通过对不同含沙量的水体进行光谱特征分析,提出了用泥沙指数来提取泥沙分布的方法. 利用ETM+(TM)数据得到了巢湖湖区2个时相的泥沙分布图,并对巢湖悬浮泥沙分布的环境背景进行分析,指出巢湖泥沙的来源主要是各入湖河流携带的泥沙,其次是岸坡崩塌物形成的.      

基于稳健统计的土壤环境背景值研究及应用

使用稳健统计方法中的位置估计量和尺度估计量对我国某受到人为干扰的地下水水源地C层土壤重金属的背景值进行了研究.结果表明,稳健统计方法对样本中的异常值有较高的耐抗性,计算结果与常规方法相近,因而适用于某些人为干扰地区的土壤环境背景值研究.对该水源地背景值的计算表明,该地区C层土壤Cu,Pb,Cd,Cr,As和Hg的背景值中心分别为21.2,32.5,0.103,60.3,11.0和0.012 mg/kg,其中w(Pb),w(Cd)和w(As)高于山东省平均值. 6种重金属的阈值分别为29.0,43.7,0.143,93.5,21.0和0.080 mg/kg,均小于全国平均上限值,但其中Pb,Cr,As的阈值高于土壤环境质量一级标准. 基于该地区背景值的污染累积指数评价表明,该地区主要重金属污染物为Pb和Hg,主要污染区为污水沟渠周边,污染深度为1～3 m.      

Validation of modeling approach to evaluate congener-specific concentrations of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in air and soil near a solid waste incinerator.

A concise modeling approach using long-term averaged meteorological data was developed to estimate site-specific concentrations of congeners of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) near a solid waste incinerator. This approach consists of calculation of atmospheric dispersion, dry and wet deposition of gaseous and particle-bound congeners, and non-steady-state concentrations in soil. The predictability of this approach was evaluated by comparison of calculated concentrations of congeners in soil with those measured at eight locations near a municipal solid waste incinerator (MSWI). The variation of these concentrations due to variability of meteorological parameters is small. A considerable number of mean values show good agreement with measured concentrations within a factor of three. The reasonable agreement between calculated and measured concentrations indicates that algorithms for the calculation of vapor-phase deposition and non-steady-state concentrations in soil must be included in the modeling approach for an accurate estimation of the concentrations of congeners of PCDD/Fs emitted from MSWIs to the atmosphere. For a detailed estimation of site-specific concentrations, it is important to specify the bulk density of soil in the evaluated area, together with meteorological parameters.     

Handedness, Hand Roles, and Hand Injuries at Work

Hand injuries form a significant proportion of all workplace injuries. They are costly to treat, and lead to significant loss of time at work. This paper has two parts. First, there is a review of the literature that discusses prevalence of hand injury, and the significance of hand roles and handedness in industrial injuries. The second part represents an initial attempt to document the roles of the two hands in a particular industry, the metal manufacturing industry. The purpose of this survey of 30 different work stations in seven different industrial plants was to see whether there is a significant bias in terms of movement requirements for one or the other hand, leading to a possible differential risk of injury for the left and right hands. Overall, there was no clear bias favoring the right hand in activities assigned to the hands in seven different movement categories (MTM). However, the location of emergency controls favored the right hand unequivocally. The implications of biases favoring the left/right hand for safety of machine operation are discussed in the light of current findings on left/right hand performance in right- and lefthanders.     

珠江三角洲地区大气气溶胶中有机污染物背景研究

选择肇庆市鼎湖山自然保护区为珠江三角洲大气气溶胶有机污染评价的区域性环境背景．研究结果表明,珠江三角洲地区大气气溶胶中优控多环芳烃背景值萘、苊、二氢苊、芴、菲、蒽、荧蒽、芘、苯并（a）蒽、、苯并（b）荧蒽、苯并（k）荧蒽、苯并（a）芘、茚并（1,2,3-cd）芘、二苯并（a,h）蒽、苯并（ghi）分别为n.d.、n.d.、tr.、0.14、tr.、0．39、0.53、0.19、1.05、1.82、1.41、0.02、2.29、0.53和2．44ng/m³,总量为10.80ng/m³,其来源主要为高等植物排放.     

The inertial range “outer scale” and optical turbulence

The crucial parameter used to calculate turbulence effects upon light waves propagating through the atmosphere is known as the structure constant, . As Tatarski has shown, this parameter depends upon the “outer scale” of the inertial sub-range of the turbulence. Recently there have been successful predictions of astronomical “seeing” conditions at Mauna Kea Astronomical Observatory which have increased interest in this subject and in the use of the so-called “Dewan Optical Turbulence Model”. In the case of the Air Force, there has been a longstanding need for such optical turbulence prediction, especially in the stratosphere. In the past researchers have used a relation due to Tatarski, (which plays a prominent role in this model) in order to deduce values of the “outer scale” from measurements. When doing this, they have been surprised to find values very much smaller than expected. The goal of the paper is to explain this unexpected result. As we will show, this result can be explained by two factors: (a) the average turbulent layer thicknesses are smaller than originally believed, and, more importantly, (b) only a minor fraction of the stratosphere is turbulent. In order to arrive at this conclusion, we used the high-resolution (10 m) wind profiles that were originally used to formulate the previously mentioned optical turbulence model. The U.S. Government’s right to retain a non-exclusive, royalty-free license in and to any copyright is acknowledged.     

上甸子本底站地面臭氧变化特征及影响因素

利用TE Model 49C型臭氧监测仪,于2004年1月1日-12月31日,在上甸子本底站进行了地面φ(O₃)的连续在线监测.分析了全年φ(O₃)的变化特征及其与同期气象要素的相关关系,并对φ(O₃)高值日的个例分析进行了验证.结果表明,上甸子本底站地面φ(O₃)具有明显的季节变化和日变化规律,并且与同期的气象条件密切相关.主要特征:①夏初φ(O₃)较高,6月的平均值达到最高,小时平均最大值可达129.7 μL/m3;而冬季φ(O₃)较低,12月的平均值达到最低,小时平均最大值仅为32.7 μL/m3.②日变化趋势较为明显,在4:00-7:00出现最低值,在15:00-18:00出现最高值,变化幅度为夏季最大、冬季较小.③气温与φ(O₃)呈显著正相关,夏季相对湿度与φ(O₃)呈显著负相关,风向和辐射强度也与φ(O₃)及其变化规律呈显著相关关系.      

城区天然气配气站噪声的产生及防治

城区天然气配气站噪声超标已成为供气部门亟待解决的难题,文章分析了配气站噪声污染现状,指出噪声产生原因主要为天然气流动,供气量增长使设备超负荷运行等7个方面。分别针对现有配气站和新建、改扩建站场提出降噪措施,指出设备在额定范围内运行、气体流速控制、工艺改造等是噪声控制的重要手段。并对城区天然气配气站噪声治理的进一步研究提出了建议。