公路隧道可吸入颗粒物扩散模型研究

运用大气扩散理论,得到了隧道内自然通风和纵向通风状态下的可吸入颗粒物(PM10)扩散模型,并由隧道口PM10浓度、隧道截面积、隧道内风速,以及车流量和类型等参数,获得了整条隧道内的不同PM10浓度分布.模型表明,随着隧道深度的增加,PM10浓度逐渐增大.通过采用纵向通风的玄武湖隧道各参数,得到了3组不同条件下的PM10扩散模型,并用所得模型计算了隧道内不同深度处PM10的浓度.沿隧道不同深度测得的PM10浓度值的比较结果表明,实际测定值围绕计算值上下波动,两者之间具有良好的一致性.     

不同通风模式下地铁站毒气扩散的实地试验

为全面了解通风系统对地铁站内有毒气体扩散的影响,以北京某地铁站为研究对象,开展了全尺寸实地扩散试验.采用三维超声波风速仪对机械通风和应急通风下的站内流场进行监测,分析其气流组织形式;采用六氟化硫(SF6)释放,时序采集和离线检测的方法,研究重气的扩散与沉降,为疏散路径规划提供建议.结果表明,应急模式下各监测点的风速更大...     

临安近地面臭氧变化特征分析

利用2003年11月─2004年11月浙江临安区域大气本底站近地面臭氧浓度的连续监测资料,研究了地面臭氧浓度全年总体分布、季节变化、日变化及浓度频率分布规律.结果表明,该地区φ(O₃)全年平均值为32.41×10-9,其日变化呈明显单峰型, 14:00左右达到最大值, 约04:00出现最小值.φ(O₃)月均值在春末夏初达到最大值,在12月─次年2月出现最小值.φ(O₃)各月的平均振幅在夏季达到最大,说明临安本底站夏季臭氧光化学反应比较强烈.除冬季外,其他季节该地区近地面φ(O₃)均有超过《环境空气质量标准》(GB30952-1996)二级标准的情况,全年超标率为0.96%.      

OHP02 gravity wave campaign in relation to optical turbulence

Herein we present a campaign dedicated to the detection and the characterization of Gravity Waves (GW) in the Earth’s atmosphere in relation to the generation of Optical Turbulence (OT). The observations took place in France from 17 to 24 July 2002 at the Haute Provence Observatory (OHP) and simultaneously at the Sirene Observatory, some 20 km apart. From both sites, several balloons were launched that measured the classical PTU-Wind profiles and additionally the structure constant of the temperature field vertical profiles. A Generalized Scidar (GS) technique was implemented at the 1.93 m-diameter OHP telescope, providing profiles every minute. From our observations, a significant amount of GW activity was observed at both sites, but without clear evidence of correlation between the two sites. It seems from our observations that a wide spectrum of GW is present at a given altitude and that this could result in a lack of correlation between observations made from two sites 20 km apart. Most GW are non-stationary with long horizontal wavelengths (λ ∼ 100–200 km), kilometric vertical wavelengths (λ ~ 0.5–2 km) and long intrinsic period (T ~ 2–15 h). They belong in the category of “hydrostatic rotating or non-rotating waves”. Layers of optical turbulence detected by balloons and the Scidar technique correlate well with regions of GW activity. The U.S. Government’s right to retain a non-exclusive, royalty-free license in and to any copyright is acknowledged.     

Probability law of concentration in plumes dispersing in an urban area

The relationships between various normalized higher-order concentration moments in plumes dispersing in a built-up (urban) environment have been investigated using a large concentration data set obtained in a boundary-layer water channel. This data set consists of measurements of plume dispersion in a number of idealized obstacle arrays (e.g., cubical and non-cubical obstacles in aligned and staggered arrangements with uniform, random and alternating heights). A remarkably robust feature of all the concentration data was the observed collapse of the third- and fourth-order normalized concentration moments on the second-order normalized concentration moment. The data are shown to collapse to a series of universal curves (independent of the geometry of the obstacle array) and these curves were found to be identical to those observed previously for open-terrain plumes. The results imply that the probability law of concentration in a plume dispersing in either a built-up environment or open terrain has a universal form that can be specified by at most two independent parameters. The universal functions representing the relationships between the normalized concentration moments were found to be well modeled (approximated) using a two-parameter clipped-gamma probability law for the concentration. Finally, the clipped-gamma distribution was found to be in very good conformance with the measured probability distribution of concentration for plumes dispersing in a built-up environment.     

确定二氧化硫总量控制目标方法的研究

分析了城市二氧化硫地面浓度来源,提出了高、中、低架源对地面浓度贡献的理论,由城市污染源排放结构导出该城市的年平均扩散系数,确定城市二氧化硫地面环境质量控制目标,从而可以得出各城市二氧化硫总量控制目标值      

Outlier detection in phosphorus dry deposition rates measured in South Florida

Dry atmospheric deposition contributes a significant amount of phosphorus to the Everglades of South Florida. Measurement of this deposition is problematic, because samples often are contaminated to varying degrees by bird droppings and other foreign materials. This study attempted to detect and remove the outliers in phosphorus (P) flux rates measured from dry deposition samples. Visual inspection of the samples, recorded in field notes, found that 30.1% of the samples contained animal droppings and frogs. Some of the samples with droppings and frogs (2.3%) had P values greater than 884 μg P m⁻² d⁻¹ (a value twice the standard deviation of the raw data mean), and were removed from further analysis. Outlier detection statistics based on a linear regression were then used for additional data screening. Eight stations in the network of 19 were removed because high contamination precluded the use of the regression model. Of the remaining samples, 15.7% were identified through the regression procedure as contaminated and were removed. The 11 station mean for P dry deposition was 85.8±79.0 μg P m⁻² d⁻¹, prior to the regression analysis, and 74.8±75.1 μg P m⁻² d⁻¹ after removal.     

不同起火物的火灾机率和损失特征与气象背景的关系

对南京市１９９１～１９９６年期间的火灾资料,分类型分析了它们的发生机率和平均损失量的统计特征与气象背景特征之间的相关关系,以及气象要素变化对火灾特征影响的敏感点或区域。     

贵州省土壤硒的背景值研究

在贵州省 17 6× 10 4km2 的范围内 ,按点位法采集土壤样品进行硒含量的测定 ,获得 947件样品的算术平均值为 0 39mg kg ,中位数为0 30mg kg。全省土壤含硒量在 0 0 6～ 1 2 9mg kg之间。全省大部分地区属于硒含量适中区。研究表明 ,贵州省的土壤大多数是基底岩石原地风化形成的 ,所以 ,基岩含硒量的高低对土壤含硒量起主要制约作用      

灰色关联分析模型权重的修正及在空气环境质量评价中的应用

在深入研究灰色理论的基础上,对传统关联分析模型做了两点修正,先是利用参考点简化了模型的计算公式,再根据污染排放贡献率的不同确定了各级权重系数。经过验证,修正模型的精度更高,稳定性更好。利用此模型准确地反映了杭州市经济技术开发区2003年环境空气质量为Ⅲ级,并对不同样本的空气质量进行了优劣性比较,进一步分析了该区各污染因子之间的相关关联程度,为各项决策提供支持。