单级SBR生物膜中全程自养脱氮的研究

研究了具有全程自养脱氮作用的生物膜中无机碳源浓度、pH值、溶解氧(DO)对全程自养脱氮的影响.结果表明,当NaHCO3浓度从1.75g/L上升到2.50g/L时,反应体系中的pH值从7.6～8.0上升到8.8左右,氨氮转化率和总无机氮去除率分别急剧下降到53%和48.8%.在进水氨氮负荷为60g/(m³·d)时,最佳DO应控制在0.5～0.7mg/L,此时氨氮转化率达到90%以上.     

The performance of nitrate-reducing Fe(II) oxidation processes under variable initial Fe/N ratios: The fate of nitrogen and iron species

•Bacterially-mediated coupled N and Fe processes examined in incubation experiments. •NO₃⁻ reduction was considerably inhibited as initial Fe/N ratio increased. •The maximum production of N₂ occurred at an initial Fe/N molar ratio of 6. •Fe minerals produced at Fe/N ratios of 1–2 were mainly easily reducible oxides. The Fe/N ratio is an important control on nitrate-reducing Fe(II) oxidation processes that occur both in the aquatic environment and in wastewater treatment systems. The response of nitrate reduction, Fe oxidation, and mineral production to different initial Fe/N molar ratios in the presence of Paracoccus denitrificans was investigated in 132 h incubation experiments. A decrease in the nitrate reduction rate at 12 h occurred as the Fe/N ratio increased. Accumulated nitrite concentration at Fe/N ratios of 2–10 peaked at 12–84 h, and then decreased continuously to less than 0.1 mmol/L at the end of incubation. N₂O emission was promoted by high Fe/N ratios. Maximum production of N₂ occurred at a Fe/N ratio of 6, in parallel with the highest mole proportion of N₂ resulting from the reduction of nitrate (81.2%). XRD analysis and sequential extraction demonstrated that the main Fe minerals obtained from Fe(II) oxidation were easily reducible oxides such as ferrihydrite (at Fe/N ratios of 1–2), and easily reducible oxides and reducible oxides (at Fe/N ratios of 3–10). The results suggest that Fe/N ratio potentially plays a critical role in regulating N₂, N₂O emissions and Fe mineral formation in nitrate-reducing Fe(II) oxidation processes.     

Evaluation of the technoeconomic feasibility of electrochemical hydrogen peroxide production for decentralized water treatment

• Gas diffusion electrode (GDE) is a suitable setup for practical water treatment. • Electrochemical H₂O₂ production is an economically competitive technology. • High current efficiency of H₂O₂ production was obtained with GDE at 5–400 mA/cm². • GDE maintained high stability for H₂O₂ production for ~1000 h. • Electro-generation of H₂O₂ enhances ibuprofen removal in an E-peroxone process. This study evaluated the feasibility of electrochemical hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) production with gas diffusion electrode (GDE) for decentralized water treatment. Carbon black-polytetrafluoroethylene GDEs were prepared and tested in a continuous flow electrochemical cell for H₂O₂ production from oxygen reduction. Results showed that because of the effective oxygen transfer in GDEs, the electrode maintained high apparent current efficiencies (ACEs,>80%) for H₂O₂ production over a wide current density range of 5–400 mA/cm², and H₂O₂ production rates as high as ~202 mg/h/cm² could be obtained. Long-term stability test showed that the GDE maintained high ACEs (>85%) and low energy consumption (<10 kWh/kg H₂O₂) for H₂O₂ production for 42 d (~1000 h). However, the ACEs then decreased to ~70% in the following 4 days because water flooding of GDE pores considerably impeded oxygen transport at the late stage of the trial. Based on an electrode lifetime of 46 days, the overall cost for H₂O₂ production was estimated to be ~0.88 $/kg H₂O₂, including an electricity cost of 0.61 $/kg and an electrode capital cost of 0.27 $/kg. With a 9 cm² GDE and 40 mA/cm² current density, ~2–4 mg/L of H₂O₂ could be produced on site for the electro-peroxone treatment of a 1.2 m³/d groundwater flow, which considerably enhanced ibuprofen abatement compared with ozonation alone (~43%–59% vs. 7%). These findings suggest that electrochemical H₂O₂ production with GDEs holds great promise for the development of compact treatment technologies for decentralized water treatment at a household and community level.     

A photolysis coefficient for characterizing the response of aqueous constituents to photolysis

UV photolysis and UV based advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) are gaining more and more attention for drinking water treatment. Quantum yield (ø) and molar absorption coefficient (ε) are the two critical parameters measuring the effectiveness of photolysis of a compound. The product of the two was proposed as a fundamental measure of a constituent’s amenability to transformation by photolysis. It was shown that this product, named the photolysis coefficient, k _p , can be determined using standard bench tests and captures the properties that govern a constituent’s transformation when exposed to light. The development showed the photolysis coefficient to be equally useful for microbiological, inorganic and organic constituents. Values of k _p calculated by the authors based on quantum yield and molar absorption coefficient data from the literature were summarized. Photolysis coefficients among microorganisms ranged from 8500 to more than 600000 and are far higher than for inorganic and organic compounds, which varied over a range of approximately 10 to 1000 and are much less sensitive to UV photolysis than the microorganisms.     

溴添加对燃煤烟气汞形态转化的影响

在一维管式沉降炉燃烧试验装置上,以汞的氧化率为评价指标,进行了溴化物种类、添加浓度、添加方式等因素对燃煤烟气汞形态转化影响的实验研究.结果表明: 溴对汞的氧化起促进作用,汞氧化率在一定的范围快速增加,超过此范围缓慢增加.不同的煤质,不同的溴添加物,这个范围是不同的;综合考虑添加成本,操作难易程度以及汞的氧化率,添加同浓度的溴化物时,汞的氧化率由低到高的排列顺序依次是:HBr炉后< HBr炉前< CaBr2< NaBr.在本实验条件下,汞的氧化效果最佳的条件是,褐煤中添加200mg/kg溴化钠,汞的氧化率约72%;亚烟煤添加1000mg/kg溴化钠,汞的氧化率约83%.     

DOC+CDPF对生物柴油燃烧颗粒排放特性的影响

以一台满足国五排放法规的车用柴油机为样机,研究加装氧化催化转化器DOC与催化型颗粒捕集器CDPF(DOC+CDPF后处理装置)前后,柴油机燃用B20燃料(燃料含20%体积掺混比的生物柴油)的颗粒排放特性.结果表明,在未加装该后处理装置时,该机排气颗粒数量浓度的粒径分布呈双峰形态,B20燃料的排气颗粒数量浓度的峰值粒径在10nm和50nm附近,纯柴油的排气颗粒数量浓度的峰值粒径在50nm和200nm附近.在颗粒粒径小于120nm的区域,该机燃用B20燃料的排气颗粒数量浓度大于纯柴油.加装该后处理装置后,该机排气颗粒数量浓度的粒径分布呈多峰形态,峰值粒径在10nm、20nm和60nm附近.加装DOC+CDPF后,不论是柴油还是B20燃料,与原机相比,柴油机排气颗粒总数量下降明显,其中60~200nm粒径范围的颗粒数量浓度降幅更为显著.在相同工况下,DOC+CDPF对柴油机燃用B20燃料的颗粒总数量净化效率高于纯柴油.     

Simulation of long-term nutrient removal in a full-scale closed-loop bioreactor for sewage treatment: an example of Bayesian inference

In this study, the performance of nitrogen and phosphorus removal in a full-scale closed-loop bioreactor (oxidation ditch) system was simulated using the ASM2d model. Routine data describing the process for two years were compiled for calibration and validation. To overcome the identifiability problem, the classic Bayesian inference approach was utilized for parameter estimation. The calibrated model could describe the long-term trend of nutrient removal and short-term variations of the process performance, showing that the Bayesian method was a reliable and useful tool for the parameter estimation of the activated sludge models. The anoxic phosphate uptake by polyphosphate accumulating organisms (PAO) contributed 71.2% of the total Poly-P storage, which reveals the dominance of denitrifying phosphorus removal process under the oxygen limiting conditions. It was found that 58.7% of the anoxic Poly-P storage and denitrification by PAO in the reactor was achieved in the aerated compartment, implying that the PAO’s anoxic activity was significantly stimulated by the low dissolved oxygen (DO) level in this compartment due to the oxygen gradient caused by brush aerator.     

太阳光催化氧化工艺对藻源含氮有机物的降解研究

利用小试试验研究了太阳光/TiO2体系对铜绿微囊藻细胞内的溶解性有机氮(DON)的氧化降解过程,考察了氧化降解过程中总可溶性蛋白、多糖、UV254等指标的变化,分析了其作用机理.结果表明,7h处理后,太阳光/TiO2体系对水样中的DON降解率为29%,且降解过程中TN含量基本没有变化,而NH4+和NO3-的浓度明显增加;氧化过程中,总可溶性蛋白和多糖的含量明显减少,去除率达48.6%和54.5%.水样的浑浊度、UV254和DOC也有不同程度的去除.     

砾间接触氧化法对白鹤溪低污染水体的净化效果

为研究生物膜技术在低污染水体净化中的应用前景,以洱海入湖河流——白鹤溪为研究对象,采用分段进水和分区曝气方式强化砾间接触氧化工艺的脱氮性能,探讨HRT(水力停留时间)、O/A(曝气区和非曝气区容积比)对低污染水体中COD_Mn、NH₄+-N、TN去除的影响. 结果显示:①HRT对有机物去除效果影响较大,在HRT为0.8、1.5、2.5、3.5 h下,COD_Mn去除率平均值分别为14.7%、28.6%、42.7%、48.8%;而当HRT为2.5 h时为较佳运行工况,COD_Mn、NH₄+-N、TN去除率平均值分别为42.7%、83.6%、31.6%. ②O/A对NH₄+-N的去除影响不大,在O/A为1∶1、1∶2、1∶3下,NH₄+-N去除率平均值分别为86.7%、83.1%、80.5%;而当O/A为1∶3时具有较佳的脱氮除碳效果,COD_Mn、NH₄+-N、TN去除率平均值分别为42.2%、80.5%、40.2%. ③在HRT为2.5 h、O/A为1∶3下稳定运行15 d后,对生物膜样品的微生物群落结构分析表明,在装置后段有脱氮微生物的富集,其优势菌为Pseudomonas、Pantoe、Synechococcus、Chloroflexi bacterium. 研究表明,砾间接触氧化工艺对低污染水具有较好的脱氮除碳效果.      

铁活化过二硫酸盐湿法氧化去除一甲胺恶臭气体

CH₃NH₂(一甲胺)作为一种重要的工业原料而被大量使用,其嗅阈值低,具有刺鼻的鱼臭味,是一种典型的恶臭气体. 选取PS(过二硫酸盐)作为氧化剂,采用湿法吸收氧化去除CH₃NH₂. 在探讨CH₃NH₂的吸收性能的基础上,比较了4种方式〔Fe2+活化PS、CA(柠檬酸)螯合Fe2+活化PS、Fe0活化PS、CA联合Fe0活化PS〕对CH₃NH₂湿法氧化去除效果的影响. 结果表明:CH₃NH₂ 气体在酸性条件下易溶于水;单独用Fe2+或Fe0活化PS处理CH₃NH₂时,Fe0活化后的去除效果明显优于Fe2+;然而,在联合使用螯合剂CA之后,Fe2+活化的去除效果反而优于Fe0. CA螯合Fe2+的CH₃NH₂去除率由单独Fe2+活化时的32%升至64%,Fe0活化与CA联合Fe0活化去除率均提升至40%. 究其原因,可能是由于不同活化方式下Fe2+释放速率不同所致,释放速率直接影响了Fe2+的存在时间,Fe2+活化PS速率对于氧化去除效果有影响,并最终影响CH₃NH₂的脱除.