Important meteorological data for use in risk assessment

This paper presents a methodology for the calculation of atmospheric stability classes in correlation with wind velocities for six sites of the Greek territory, namely Ellinikon (Athens), Elefsis, Megara, Heraklion, Chania and Patras, based on real data obtained from meteorological observations in these sites and on computations related with their geographic position. In addition to that, a comparison is presented of the atmospheric stability classes produced with online measurements for the Ellinikon (Athens) site with significant coincidence in the results.

These calculated values of the meteorological parameters (particularly of atmospheric stability) are most appropriate for uncertainty calculations in quantified risk assessments (QRAs) of hazardous installations sited in the above-mentioned areas, especially when risk and safety-related decisions need to be taken. Consequent results obtained with these parameters are more realistic compared to the “classical” assumption of D5/F2, which leads to significant diversification in the estimation of risk.     

气质联用法测定空气中挥发性有机物的方法研究

通过美国Entech公司Summa罐采集大气样品,7100型大气预浓缩系统提取和富集样品中的挥发性有机物,省去了繁琐的有机物提取和净化工序,避免和有机溶剂接触,将样品直接输入气质联机进行分析。利用这种方法定性分析了某油罐区的大气成分,结果表明该地区大气中含有成分复杂的环己烷、苯和萘的衍生物,这些化合物的浓度远远大于居民区同类化合物的含量。     

南京冬季大气气溶胶粒子谱分布及其对能见度的影响

2009年11～12月采用宽范围气溶胶粒径谱仪（WPS）、自动气象站和能见度仪等高分辨率仪器对南京北郊气溶胶粒子的谱分布特征与气象因子的关系及其对大气能见度的影响进行研究.结果表明,数浓度谱呈双峰分布,主峰集中在0.04～0.1μm;质量浓度谱的2个主峰位于0.5～0.7μm和2.7μm左右;表面积谱的2个主峰分别位于...     

大气环境影响评价新旧导则的对比分析

通过新旧大气环境影响评价导则HJ2.2-2008和HJ/T2.2-93的对比分析,对两个导则中五个方面对应内容的差异逐一进行了解析。以帮助读者了解新旧导则的异同,有利于更加深入地理解和使用新大气环境影响评价导则。     

北黄海大气氮氧化物的季节分布

根据2006年夏季2、007年冬春秋四个季节分别对北黄海进行的大面调查,分析研究了四季氮氧化物(NOx)的季节变化和浓度分布。结果显示,大气NOx浓度呈现明显的季节变化,表现为冬季>夏季>秋季>春季,冬季北黄海空气中NOx浓度的平均值分别是春季的4倍、夏季的2倍和秋季的2.1倍。NOx浓度在北黄海的不同区域特征呈现为近岸向远岸逐渐降低的趋势,说明陆源污染物对北黄海NOx分布有较大影响。     

齐齐哈尔市大气降尘状况及污染分析

以齐齐哈尔市近5年降尘监测点的监测数据资料为依据,分析了城市大气降尘状况及变化趋势,总结出市内不同功能区域降尘污染时空分布特征,提出了降尘污染防治的对策及建议。     

大气环境防护距离和卫生防护距离区别及应用的探讨

针对2009年4月1日起实施的《环境影响评价技术导则大气环境》(HJ2.2-2008)中所提出的"大气环境防护距离"的概念展开详细探讨。结合《制定地方大气污染物排放标准的技术方法》(GB/T13201-91)中提出的"卫生防护距离",从定义、设置前提、计算方法的角度与"大气环境防护距离"进行对比分析,引用建设项目环境影响评价中的案例阐述这两者的主要区别,并对当前执行情况提出建议。     

云贵高原1961-2006年大气能见度和消光因素变化趋势及原因

根据云贵高原203个气象台站1961—2006年大气能见度、降水、相对湿度、风速和天气现象等观测资料,采用倾向率方法对能见度和大气消光系数的变化趋势进行了分析。还应用Mann-Kendall方法对19km能见度、霾日数和消光系数的多年变化进行了气候突变检验。结果表明,有84.2%台站出现了能见度减少趋势。减少最多为-11km·10a-1,最少为-1km·10a-1。减少的平均气候倾向率在1961—1979年为0.96km·10a-1,1980—2006年为1.6km·10a-1,高原平均能见度从60年代的约34km下降到目前的约27km。另一方面,有15.8%台站能见度有增加趋势,且多集中在人类活动较为稀少的高海拔山区。有71%的台站19km能见度频率出现减少的趋势,平均倾向率为-2%·10a-1,主要出现在高原东部和中部人口和工业稠密区。该地区同时也出现霾日增加的现象。Mann-Kendall检测结果表明,19km能见度频率减少和霾日数增加现象出现突变的时间相同。年平均消光系数发生突变的时间稍推后。认为能见度下降、消光因素增加的原因与人为排放污染物浓度增加有密切关系。     

δ15N-stable isotope analysis of NHx: An overview on analytical measurements,source sampling and its source apportionment

• Challenges in sampling of NH₃ sources for d¹⁵N analysis are highlighted. • Uncertainties in the isotope-based source apportionment of NH₃ and NH₄⁺ are outlined. • Characterizing dynamic isotopic fractionation may reduce uncertainties of NH_x science. Agricultural sources and non-agricultural emissions contribute to gaseous ammonia (NH₃) that plays a vital role in severe haze formation. Qualitative and quantitative contributions of these sources to ambient PM_2.5 (particulate matter with an aerodynamic equivalent diameter below 2.5 µm) concentrations remains uncertain. Stable nitrogen isotopic composition (δ¹⁵N) of NH₃ and NH₄⁺ (δ¹⁵N(NH₃) and δ¹⁵N(NH₄⁺), respectively) can yield valuable information about its sources and associated processes. This review provides an overview of the recent progress in analytical techniques for δ¹⁵N(NH₃) and δ¹⁵N(NH₄⁺) measurement, sampling of atmospheric NH₃ and NH₄⁺ in the ambient air and their sources signature (e.g., agricultural vs. fossil fuel), and isotope-based source apportionment of NH₃ in urban atmosphere. This study highlights that collecting sample that are fully representative of emission sources remains a challenge in fingerprinting δ¹⁵N(NH₃) values of NH₃ emission sources. Furthermore, isotopic fractionation during NH₃ gas-to-particle conversion under varying ambient field conditions (e.g., relative humidity, particle pH, temperature) remains unclear, which indicates more field and laboratory studies to validate theoretically predicted isotopic fractionation are required. Thus, this study concludes that lack of refined δ¹⁵N(NH₃) fingerprints and full understanding of isotopic fractionation during aerosol formation in a laboratory and field conditions is a limitation for isotope-based source apportionment of NH₃. More experimental work (in chamber studies) and theoretical estimations in combinations of field verification are necessary in characterizing isotopic fractionation under various environmental and atmospheric neutralization conditions, which would help to better interpret isotopic data and our understanding on NH_x (NH₃ + NH₄⁺) dynamics in the atmosphere.     

2009年8~9月成都市颗粒物污染及其与气象条件的关系

对成都市3个不同点位PM2.5和PM10进行了为期30d的连续观测,研究了大气颗粒物浓度的时空分布特征,及其与气象条件的关系.研究表明,观测期间成都市大气颗粒物PM2.5和PM10质量浓度日均值分别为66,94μg/m3,两者浓度变化范围较大,但变化趋势相同.从空间分布来看,大气颗粒物浓度均是熊猫基地>草堂寺>丽都花园,即下风向污染状况最严重,商业繁华地段次之,生活居住区最好;从时间分布来看,大气颗粒物污染最严重出现在9月17~19日,9月5~9日2个时间段,不利的气象因素和污染物的累积是造成该时间段大气颗粒物污染加重的主要原因.PM2.5与PM10质量浓度的相关性为0.93,PM2.5对PM10的贡献较大,两者质量浓度的比值达0.69.气温对大气颗粒物浓度变化没有显著影响;降水以及风速对颗粒物浓度影响较大,主要是对颗粒物的湿清除和促进扩散作用;在一定相对湿度范围内,高湿度条件容易造成大气颗粒物的较重污染.能见度与大气颗粒物浓度呈明显负相关性,且与PM2.5的相关系数大于与PM10的相关系数.