Atmospheric phenanthrene pollution modulates carbon allocation in red clover (Trifolium pratense L.)

The influence of atmospheric phenanthrene (PHE) exposure (160 μg m⁻³) during one month on carbon allocation in clover was investigated by integrative (plant growth analysis) and instantaneous ¹³CO₂ pulse-labelling approaches. PHE exposure diminished plant growth parameters (relative growth rate and net assimilation rate) and disturbed photosynthesis (carbon assimilation rate and chlorophyll content), leading to a 25% decrease in clover biomass. The root-shoot ratio was significantly enhanced (from 0.32 to 0.44). Photosynthates were identically allocated to leaves while less allocated to stems and roots. PHE exposure had a significant overall effect on the ¹³C partitioning among clover organs as more carbon was retained in leaves at the expense of roots and stems. The findings indicate that PHE decreases root exudation or transfer to symbionts and in leaves, retains carbon in a non-structural form diverting photosynthates away from growth and respiration (emergence of an additional C loss process).     

Chemistry of fogs at Agra, India: Influence of soil particulates and atmospheric gases

Fog water samples were collected in the months of December and January during 1998–2000 at Agra, India. The samples were analyzed for pH, major anions (F⁻, Cl⁻, SO₄ ²⁻, NO₃ ⁻, HCOO⁻ and CH₃COO⁻), major cations (Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Na⁺ and K⁺) and NH₄ ⁺ using ion chromatography, ICP-AES and spectrophotometer methods, respectively. pH of fog water samples ranged between 7.0 and 7.6 with a volume weighted mean of 7.2, indicating its alkaline characteristic. NH₄ ⁺ contributed 40%, SO₄ ²⁻ and NO₃ ⁻ accounted for 28%, while Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Na⁺ and K⁺ accounted for 16% of the total ionic concentration. The ratios of Mg²⁺/Ca²⁺ and Na⁺/Ca²⁺ in fog water indicates that 50–75% of fog water samples correspond to the respective ratios in local soil. Significant correlation between Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Na⁺ and K⁺ suggests their soil origin. The order of neutralization, NH₄ ⁺ (1.4) > Ca²⁺ (0.28) > Mg²⁺ (0.12), indicates that NH₄ ⁺ is the major neutralizing species. Fog water and atmospheric alkalinity were also computed and were found to be 873 and 903 neqm⁻³, respectively. Both of these values are higher than values reported from temperate sites and thus indicate that at the present level of pollutants, there is no risk of acid fog problem. The study also shows that the alkaline nature of fog water is due to dissolution of ammonia gas and partly due to interaction of fog water with soil derived aerosols.     

改进遗传神经网络方法在大气环境质量评价中的应用

运用双极性压缩函数适应度定标和基于排挤方法的选择算子改进标准遗传算法(SGA),使其成为简单通用、快速收敛的并行全局搜索算法。利用该算法优化误差反向传播网络(BPN),克服了BPN收敛慢和不具有全局收敛性的缺陷,在此基础上,建立大气环境质量评价模型,并将该模型用于实例。结果表明,该方法用于大气环境质量评价是可行的。      

A statistical model to forecast the profile of the index structure constant $${C_N^2}$$

A statistical study was performed over 145 profiles of meteorological balloons, equipped with microthermal sensors, from the ground to the midstratosphere. This study put into evidence the lognormal distribution of the fluctuations of the structure constant of temperature, the fluctuations of the buoyancy force and the vertical shear of the horizontal wind speed. We show that these quantities, computed over a large scale (100 m), are correlated up to the midstratosphere. A model is adjusted to estimate the optical turbulence strength from the macroscopic meteorological parameters. The model performances, to estimate and forecast the strength and the altitude of the optical turbulent layers, are quantified and compared with other already defined models. This model was shown to have the best performances and put into evidence a new relation to describe the turbulence on a large scale.     

陕西师范大学雁塔校区大气微生物污染调查

在对陕西师范大学雁塔校区教学区和生活区大气微生物污染检测的基础上,评价与分析了雁塔校区大气微生物的污染状况.依照中科院生态学研究中心制定的大气微生物污染评价的七级标准,雁塔校区内大气微生物污染轻微,其中教学区大气微生物含量高于生活区,但是都能达到清洁空气的标准.     

公路隧道实验调查交通来源空气污染方法

采用公路隧道实验方法来调查交通来源空气的污染,笔者在中国北方和南方公路隧道内进行了气态污染物和大气颗粒物的监测,气态污染物和大气颗粒物为多点位同步监测,气态污染物包括CO,SO₂,NO_x和VOCs等,大气颗粒物包括TSP,PM₁₀,PM_2.5和粒径浓度谱分布等.同时,还调查和分析了隧道内机动车流量、能见度和气象因子.利用上述分析和测定结果,可以综合地研究交通来源污染及其对环境的影响.      

锌的加速腐蚀与大气暴露腐蚀的相关性研究

通过间歇式盐水喷雾试验和极化曲线测定,对比研究了NaHSO3,NaCl和NaHSO3 NaCl三种介质对锌腐蚀的影响,并对腐蚀产物进行了XRD分析。实验结果表明,以10^-1mol/L NaHSO3 10^-2mol/L NaCl为加速剂,采用间歇式喷雾实验,可模拟锌在沈阳污染大气中的腐蚀过程,腐蚀规律可用ΔW＝A＋Bt公式描述。     

经济开放区大气环境容量规划研究——以东莞市为例

本文探讨了沿海经济开放区大气环境容量和规划研究的方法。在大气污染源调查、污染物监测、污染气象特征分析、区域容量计算、污染控制规划和大气排污许可证制度的实施等方面作了调查研究。并通过实例研究为东莞市大气环境管理提供了行之有效的对策和建议。      

能见度降低条件下楼梯上行疏散实验研究

为探究地下公共建筑能见度降低场景中,个体及小群体楼梯上行疏散特征,在某公共建筑楼梯间进行个体疏散和小群体疏散实验,分析不同能见度条件下个体在梯段及平台上的疏散速度、疏散行为、小群体特征等关键参数。研究结果表明：梯段速度受能见度影响程度大于平台速度,在正常能见度条件下,小群体行为会对疏散移动速度产生负面影响,在低能见度条件下,小群体行为有助于提升疏散效率,表现在小群体平均速度高于群体中最慢个体速度且小群体和个体之间的速度差异较小。     

A Comparison of Biomonitoring Methods for the Estimation of Atmospheric Pollutants in an Industrial Town in Austria

In the period between 1999 and 2000 epiphytic bryophytes were taken as bioindicators for air pollution by use of the IAP method (Index of Atmospheric Purity) and the VDI method within the Association of Engineers standards list (adapted from guideline 3799, 1995) in the heavy industrialized town of Linz, Austria. 52 study sites (265 trees) were analysed regarding species richness, coverage, and vitality. Q-values (sensitivity factors), calculated for each species showed significant differences for the various host tree species. The results gained by the IAP and the VDI methods were diverse, regarding the various sites where only 25% were classified identical. These differences can mainly be attributed to the differing host tree species and the size of the recording area on the various trees. Clusters of similar pollution levels were calculated and drawn as maps for both methods tested. Comparing the results of the IAP and the VDI methods with data derived from technical measurements (SO₂, NO, NO₂, and dust) a correlation between IAP-indices and SO₂ concentrations could be observed. No correlation was detected between the results derived from VDI recording and for NO, NO₂, and dust.