浅谈遥感技术在大气监测中的应用

碳的氧化物、硫的氧化物、氮的氧化物和臭氧等是人类在生产活动和社会活动产生中的主要的环境污染物,它们威胁着人类的生存环境和地球上的生态平衡。因此,对它们进行实时监测和综合治理显得非常重要。文章介绍了遥感(RS)技术,重点介绍遥感技术在大气环境监测中的应用。     

南京市灰霾期间颗粒物污染的主要影响源识别

大气颗粒物污染影响范围广,污染种类繁多,污染物形态复杂多变,消除难度较大。随着2014年南京青奥会的日益临近,南京市"蓝天工程"、灰霾污染的控制进入了最关键的阶段。以南京市为例,从宏观微观两方面同时开展研究。在宏观层面上,采用主成分分析、因子分析、相关分析、逐步回归分析等方法,揭示可吸入颗粒物年均浓度、年均降尘量与表征各类影响源变量因素之间的相关关系,并计算贡献率;在微观层面上,采集各影响源尘样,进行相关实验分析得到各影响源特征谱;科学布点采集南京市空气样品,进行相关实验分析得到各点位大气颗粒物样特征谱;采用化学平衡分析法,揭示各粉尘影响源的主要贡献率大小。两方面相结合得到南京市灰霾的主要贡献源为二次扬尘和建筑扬尘,并根据结果提出控制对策。     

深圳市大气能见度影响因子研究

概述了大气气溶胶的光学性质,并结合深圳市实际,研究深圳市主要气溶胶因子与大气能见度的关系。     

化工罐区大气环境影响评价中的技术探讨

就化工罐区大气环境影响评价中储罐正常排放时预测模式的选取、风险事故后果评价预测模式和参数的选取、环境监测计划的制定等技术问题进行了探讨.储罐大小呼吸损耗应采用面源模式进行预测更符合罐区无组织低矮源排放的实际情况.在风险事故后果评价中,泄漏蒸发和火灾事故中C0、SO2等伴生污染物的扩散模拟所选取的扩散参数的不同将导致预测...     

Atmospheric environment monitoring technology and equipment in China: A review and outlook

Accurate monitoring of the atmospheric environment and its evolution are important for understanding the sources, chemical mechanisms, and transport processes of air pollution and carbon emissions in China, and for regulatory and control purposes. This study gives an overview of atmospheric environment monitoring technology and equipment in China and summarizes the major achievements obtained in recent years. China has made great progress in the development of atmospheric environment monitoring technology and equipment with decades of effort. The manufacturing level of atmospheric environment monitoring equipment and the quality of products have steadily improved, and a technical & production system that can meet the requirements of routine monitoring activities has been initiated. It is expected that domestic atmospheric environment monitoring technology and equipment will be able to meet future demands for routine monitoring activities in China and provide scientific assistance for addressing air pollution problems.     

Advances in coastal ocean boundary layer detection technology and equipment in China

Accurate and comprehensive knowledge of the atmospheric environment and its evolution within the coastal ocean boundary layer are necessary for understanding the sources, chemical mechanisms, and transport processes of air pollution in land, sea, and atmosphere. We present an overview of coastal ocean boundary layer detection technology and equipment in China and summarize the progress and main achievements in recent years. China has developed a series of coastal ocean boundary layer detection t...     

Gas-phase catalytic hydration of I2O5 in the polluted coastal regions: Reaction mechanisms and atmospheric implications

Marine aerosols play an important role in the global aerosol system. In polluted coastal regions, ultra-fine particles have been recognized to be related to iodine-containing species and is more serious due to the impact of atmospheric pollutants. Many previous studies have identified iodine pentoxide (I₂O₅, IP) to be the key species in new particles formation (NPF) in marine regions, but the role of IP in the polluted coastal atmosphere is far to be fully understood. Considering the high humidity and concentrations of pollutants in the polluted coastal regions, the gas-phase hydration of IP catalyzed by sulfuric acid (SA), nitric acid (NA), dimethylamine (DMA), and ammonia (A) have been investigated at DLPNO-CCSD(T)//ωB97X-D/aug-cc-pVTZ + aug-cc-pVTZ-PP with ECP28MDF (for iodine) level of theory. The results show that the hydration of IP involves a significant energy barrier of 22.33 kcal/mol, while the pollutants SA, NA, DMA, and A all could catalyze the hydration of IP. Especially, with SA and DMA as catalysts, the hydration reactions of IP present extremely low barriers and high rate constants. It is suggested that IP is unstable under the catalysis of SA and DMA to generate iodic acid, which is the key component in NPF in marine regions. Thus, the catalytic hydration of IP is very likely to trigger the formation of iodine-containing particles. Our research provides a clear picture of the catalytic hydration of IP as well as theoretical guidance for NPF in the polluted coastal atmosphere.     

A new method of simultaneous determination of atmospheric amines in gaseous and particulate phases by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

As more attention is being paid to the characteristics of atmospheric amines, there is also an increasing demand for reliable detection technologies. Herein, a method was developed for simultaneous detection of atmospheric amines in both gaseous and particulate phases using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The amine samples were collected with and without phosphoric acid filters, followed by derivatization with benzenesulfonyl chloride under alkaline condition prior to GC-MS analysis. Furthermore, the method was optimized and validated for determining 14 standard amines. The detection limits ranged from 0.0408-0.421 µg/mL (for gaseous samples) and 0.163-1.69 µg/mL (for particulate samples), respectively. The obtained recoveries ranged from 68.8%-180% and the relative standard deviation was less than 30%, indicating high precision and good reliability of the method. Seven amines were simultaneously detected in gaseous and particulate samples in an industrial park using the developed method successfully. Methylamine, dimethylamine and diethylamine together accounted for 76.7% and 75.6% of particulate and gaseous samples, respectively. By comparing the measured and predicted values of gas-particle partition fractions, it was found that absorption process of aqueous phase played a more important role in the gas-partition of amines than physical adsorption. Moreover, the reaction between unprotonated amines and acid (aq.) in water phase likely promoted water absorption. Higher measured partition fraction of dibutylamine was likely due to the reaction with gaseous HCl. The developed method would help provide a deeper understanding of gas-particle partitioning as well as atmospheric evolution of amines.     

Chemical characteristics and source apportionment of atmospheric particles during heating period in Harbin, China

Atmospheric particles（total suspended particles（TSPs）; particulate matter（PM） with particle size below 10 μm, PM10; particulate matter with particle size below 2.5 μm, PM2.5）were collected and analyzed during heating and non-heating periods in Harbin. The sources of PM10 and PM2.5were identified by the chemical mass balance（CMB） receptor model.Results indicated that PM2.5/TSP was the most prevalent and PM2.5was the main component of PM210, while the presence of PM10–100was relatively weak. SO-4and NO-3concentrations were more significant than other ions during the heating period. As compared with the non-heating period, Mn, Ni, Pb, S, Si, Ti, Zn, As, Ba, Cd, Cr, Fe and K were relatively higher during the heating period. In particular, Mn, Ni, S, Si, Ti, Zn and As in PM2.5were obviously higher during the heating period. Organic carbon（OC） in the heating period was 2–5 times higher than in the non-heating period. Elemental carbon（EC） did not change much. OC/EC ratios were 8–11 during the heating period, which was much higher than in other Chinese cities（OC/EC： 4–6）. Results from the CMB indicated that 11 pollution sources were identified, of which traffic, coal combustion, secondary sulfate, secondary nitrate, and secondary organic carbon made the greatest contribution. Before the heating period, dust and petrochemical industry made a larger contribution. In the heating period, coal combustion and secondary sulfate were higher. After the heating period, dust and petrochemical industry were higher. Some hazardous components in PM2.5were higher than in PM10, because PM2.5has a higher ability to absorb toxic substances. Thus PM2.5pollution is more significant regarding human health effects in the heating period.     

奉贤区大气环境污染特征及其防护对策

随着我国经济的快速发展,工业化和城市化突飞猛进,生态环境已成为举世瞩目的问题。大气环境污染是环境污染的重要组成部分,本文主要对奉贤区大气污染特征进行分析探讨,并提出污染防护对策。