原子捕集——火焰原子吸收光谱法测定环境土壤中痕量镉

系统地考察了原子捕集测定环境土壤中镉的条件及10余种常见共存离子的干扰情况，测定环境土壤中镉含量原子捕集灵敏度较常规原子吸收光谱法高112倍，可达0.25μg/L/1%A，方法快速、简便、稳定，令人满意。     

Actinide geochemistry: From the molecular level to the real system

Geochemical processes leading to either mobilization or retention of radionuclides in an aquifer system are significantly influenced by their interaction with rock, sediment and colloid surfaces. Therefore, a sound safety assessment of nuclear waste disposal requires the elucidation and quantification of those processes. State-of-the-art analytical techniques as e.g. laser- and X-ray spectroscopy are increasingly applied to study solid–liquid interface reactions to obtain molecular level speciation insight.We have studied the sorption of trivalent lanthanides and actinides onto aluminium oxides, hydroxides and purified clay minerals by the time-resolved laser fluorescence spectroscopy and X-ray-absorption spectroscopy. Chemical constitution and structure of surface bound actinides are proposed based on spectroscopic information. Open questions still remain with regard to the exact nature of mineral surface ligands and the mineral/water interface. Similarities of spectroscopic data obtained for M(III) sorbed onto γ-alumina, and clay minerals suggest the formation of very comparable inner-sphere surface complexes such as S–O–An(III)(OH)_x^(2 − x)(H₂O)_5 − x at pH > 5. Those speciation data are found consistent with those predicted by surface complexation modelling. The applicability of data obtained for pure mineral phases to actinide sorption onto heterogeneously composed natural clay rock is examined by experiments and by geochemical modelling. Good agreement of experiment and model calculations is found for U(VI) and trivalent actinide/lanthanide sorption to natural clay rock. The agreement of spectroscopy, geochemical modelling and batch experiments with natural rock samples and purified minerals increases the reliability in model predictions.The assessment of colloid borne actinide migration observed in various laboratory and field studies calls for detailed information on actinide–colloid interaction. Kinetic stabilization of colloid bound actinides can be due to inclusion into inorganic colloid matrix or by macromolecular rearrangement in case of organic, humic/fulvic like colloids. Only a combination of spectroscopy, microscopy and classical batch sorption experiments can help to elucidate the actinide–colloid interaction mechanisms and thus contribute to the assessment of colloids for radionuclide migration.     

原子荧光光度法同时测定水中砷、硒的不确定度分析

对原子荧光光度法测定水样中砷、硒浓度的影响因素进行分析,对各因素的不确定度进行计算和评估。结果表明,影响其测量不确定度主要因素是原子荧光强度值带来的不确定度,其它因素是次要的。     

利用活性污泥制造活性炭的研究

论述了利用在活性污泥法处理废水过程中产生的好氧污泥和厌氧污泥制造活性炭的过程,选择出最佳的制作条件,并进一步测试了产品的性能。实验结果表明,利用剩余活性污泥制造活发现灰这一方法是可行的,并且在最佳条件下制成的活性炭的吸附性能比较令人满意。     

Urban Air Pollution Monitoring with DOAS Considering the Local Meteorological Situation

The concentrations of ozone, NO₂ and SO₂, measured with a DOAS system 70 m above ground level in the city of Graz were compared with data from conventional ground stations. The dependence of vertical trace-gas distributions on stability categories and time of the day or year was investigated. Concerning the maximum ozone concentrations in summer, the DOAS data are representative for the ground-level situation. In average, the concentrations 70 m above ground are more than twice the ground-level concentrations. It has been shown that beside the reaction with NO, dry deposition is an important sink for ozone near the surface. The DOAS NO₂-concentrations are representative for ground-level conditions in summer, except for the morning maximum of NO₂. In winter the DOAS NO₂-concentrations amount for 73% of the ground level values in average. Concerning the slow reacting trace gas SO₂, the DOAS data are always representative for the ground-level conditions.     

废水和土壤样品中微量T1的原子吸收测定

本文研究了T1与Br或I的离子缔合物在不同的HC1或H_2SO_4介质中,用MIBK、环己酮、乙酸戊酯、乙酸丁酯和乙酸乙酯等有机溶剂的萃取效率,以及受酸度影响的情况,从而选择出最佳酸度、萃取剂和测定条件。本方法用于土壤及废水(天然水)中微量T1的测定,收到了良好的效果。     

高效富集—火焰原子吸收光度法测定饮用水中的铅

用高效螯合树脂富集器富集－火焰原子吸收分光光度法可测定自来水中μｇ／Ｌ级的痕量铅,大量共存元素不干扰铅的测定,测定结果令人满意。     

无火焰原子吸收法测定水中的银

以硝酸做介质,用石墨炉原子吸收光度法可测定自来水及环境污水中的微量银,钙,镁,铁等对银的测定有轻微干扰,其它共存元素不干扰测定,结果令人满意。     

Experimental measurement and modeling of the rate of absorption of carbon dioxide by aqueous ammonia

In this work, the rate of absorption of carbon dioxide by aqueous ammonia solvent has been studied by applying a newly built wetted wall column. The absorption rate in aqueous ammonia was measured at temperatures from 279 to 304 K for 1 to 10 wt% aqueous ammonia with loadings varying from 0 to 0.8 mol CO₂/mol NH₃. The absorption rate in 30 wt% aqueous mono-ethanolamine (MEA) was measured at 294 and 314 K with loadings varying from 0 to 0.4 as comparison.It was found that at 304 K, the rate of absorption of carbon dioxide by 10 wt% NH₃ solvent was comparable to the rates for 30 wt% MEA at 294 and 314 K (a typical absorption temperature for this process). The absorption rate using ammonia was however significantly lower at temperatures of 294 K and lower as applied in the Chilled Ammonia Process. However, at these low temperatures, the rate of absorption in ammonia has only a small temperature dependency.The rate of absorption decreases strongly with decreasing ammonia concentrations and increasing CO₂ loadings.The rate of absorption of carbon dioxide by aqueous ammonia solvent was modeled using the measurements of the unloaded solutions and the zwitter-ion mechanism. The model could successfully predict the experimental measurements of the absorption rate of CO₂ in loaded ammonia solutions.     

氘灯对原子吸收法测定高盐废水中镉含量的影响

在石化行业中,由于采气废水多为高舍盐废水,如果按照地表水、地下水的测试方法对其重金属指标进行测试,其测试结果和真实值之间存在较大的偏差。本研究中采用火焰原子吸收法对影响吸收的背景进行氘灯扣除,得到了一种适合于高含盐废水体中镉含量测定的分析方法。通过实验验证,该方法相对误差在8．75％以内,检测限0．0042mg／L,回...