PVDF ultrafiltration membranes of controlled performance via blending PVDF-g-PEGMA copolymer synthesized under different reaction times

PVDF blended different graft ratio of PVDF-g-PEGMA were systematically studied. Tuning the amphiphilic copolymer synthesis time to control membrane performance. The PVDF membrane with PVDF-g-PEGMA at 19 h possesses most surface oxygen content. The synthesis time of PVDF-g-PEGMA at 9 h is good for high flux UF membrane. Polyvinylidene fluoride grafted with poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate (PVDF-g-PEGMA) was synthesized using atomic transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) at different reaction times (9 h, 19 h, and 29 h). The corresponding conversion rates were 10%, 20% and 30%, respectively. PVDF was blended with the copolymer mixture containing PVDF-g-PEGMA, solvent and residual PEGMA under different reaction times. In this study, we explored the effect of the copolymer mixture additives with different synthesis times on cast membrane performance. Increasing the reaction time of PVDF-g-PEGMA causes more PVDF-g-PEGMA and less residual PEGMA to be found in the casting solution. Incremental PVDF-g-PEGMA can dramatically increase the viscosity of the casting solution. An overly high viscosity led to a delayed phase inversion, thus hindering PEGMA segments in PVDF-g-PEGMA from migrating to the membrane surface. However, more residual PEGMA contributed to helping more PEGMA segments migrate to the membrane surface. The pure water fluxes of the blended membrane with reaction times of 9 h, 19 h, and 29 h are 5445 L·m⁻²·h⁻¹, 1068 L·m⁻²·h⁻¹and 1179 L·m⁻²·h⁻¹, respectively, at 0.07 MPa. Delayed phase inversion can form smaller surface pore size distributions, thus decreasing the water flux for the membranes with PVDF-g-PEGMA at 19 h and 29 h. Therefore, we can control the membrane pore size distribution by decreasing the reaction time of PVDF-g-PEGMA to obtain a better flux performance. The membrane with PVDF-g-PEGMA at 19 h exhibits the best foulant rejection and cleaning recovery due to its narrow pore size distribution and high surface oxygen content.     

Building spectral libraries for wetlands land cover classification and hyperspectral remote sensing

Recent advances in remote sensing provide opportunities to map plant species and vegetation within wetlands at management relevant scales and resolutions. Hyperspectral imagers, currently available on airborne platforms, provide increased spectral resolution over existing space-based sensors that can document detailed information on the distribution of vegetation community types, and sometimes species. Development of spectral libraries of wetland species is a key component needed to facilitate advanced analytical techniques to monitor wetlands. Canopy and leaf spectra at five sites in California, Texas, and Mississippi were sampled to create a common spectral library for mapping wetlands from remotely sensed data. An extensive library of spectra (n=1336) for coastal wetland communities, across a range of bioclimatic, edaphic, and disturbance conditions were measured. The wetland spectral libraries were used to classify and delineate vegetation at a separate location, the Pacheco Creek wetland in the Sacramento Delta, California, using a PROBE-1 airborne hyperspectral data set (5m pixel resolution, 128 bands). This study discusses sampling and collection methodologies for building libraries, and illustrates the potential of advanced sensors to map wetland composition. The importance of developing comprehensive wetland spectral libraries, across diverse ecosystems is highlighted. In tandem with improved analytical tools these libraries provide a physical basis for interpretation that is less subject to conditions of specific data sets. To facilitate a global approach to the application of hyperspectral imagers to mapping wetlands, we suggest that criteria for and compilation of wetland spectral libraries should proceed today in anticipation of the wider availability and eventual space-based deployment of advanced hyperspectral high spatial resolution sensors.     

VOC的回收与处理技术简介

介绍了几种以VOC废气中回收溶剂的方法，其分析其优缺点和适用范围，对回收有困难或不经济的含VOC废气，建议采用焚烧法或催化燃烧法进行处理。     

膨润土改性及其在分散大红溶液脱色处理中的应用

采用新型无机—有机改性方法，对浙江临安膨润土进行改性，有效地将双长链阳离子表面活性剂引入膨润土层间，从而提高了有机膨润土的亲油性和对废水中有机污染物的吸附能力。     

原子荧光法测定大气PM_(2.5)中重金属的条件试验研究

对原子荧光法测定大气PM2.5中汞、砷、硒等重金属元素的条件进行了研究。研究得出最佳采样滤膜材质为石英纤维滤膜;样品在前处理完成后还原剂硫脲的加入使测定方法更准确;对电热板消解法、沸水浴法和微波消解法3种前处理方法进行比较试验,得出沸水浴法同时测定汞、砷、硒等5种重金属元素加标回收率最好,为94.5%~105.0%。该方法精密度较高,相对标准偏差在1.43%~4.70%,同时具有设备成本低的优点。     

国产火焰型原子吸收分光光度计的使用与维护

本文分析了国产火焰型原子吸收分光光度计的结构原理和特点,指出他们的优势和缺陷;根据实践经验,总结了仪器的调试,使用和维护的方法和程序;同时分析一些仪器故障的产生原因及排除方法。对保障仪器的准确高效运转有一定的参考价值     

纳米TiO_2固相萃取原子吸收光谱法测定工业废水中铅与镉

主要研究了纳米TiO2固相萃取与原子吸收光谱法测定工业废水中铅与镉的方法。合成了3种不同粒径的纳米TiO2,探讨了粒径对铅与镉离子分离富集效率的影响,发现其萃取效率随着粒径的增大而降低。在原子吸收光谱仪最佳操作条件下,工业废水样品中镉与铅的检出限分别为0.010和0.046μg/L。工业废水中铅与镉的分析结果表明,该方法具有灵敏度高、简便快速、相对误差较小等特点。     

原子吸收法测定水中锌质量控制指标研究

根据地域和监测技术代表性的筛选,在11个省份中选择了70家实验室参加测试工作,通过大量的监测数据,研究了原子吸收分光光度法测定水中锌的质量控制指标。研究表明:在0.3～1.5mg/L范围内,标准样品RSD≤3.0%,RSD’≤10.0%;浓度小于等于0.5mg/L时RE在±10.0%范围内,浓度为0.5～1.5mg/L时RE在±5.0%范围内。实际样品浓度小于等于0.05mg/L时,RD≤20.0%;浓度0.05～3.5mg/L时,RD≤5.0%。加标回收率控制范围为85%～110%。     

原子荧光光谱法测定水中低含量锡

采用原子荧光光谱法测定水中锡,结果表明,方法检测限为0．14μg／L,在0、0μg／L～100μg／L范围内线性良好。不同浓度标准溶液测定的相对误差≤2．0％,实际样品测定的加标回收率在90．0％～109％之间,相对标准差≤6．1％,准确度和精密度均较好。