Effect of the water-soluble fraction of diesel exhaust particles on the development and protein patterns of pollen grains in bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

Excessive air pollution may adversely affect plant growth and development. The overall objective of this research was to elucidate some microscopic effects of diesel exhaust particles (DEP) on the formation, development, and structure of pollen grains and its proteins in Phaseolus vulgaris L. Bean plants were grown in experimental pots and treated with different concentrations of the water-soluble fraction of DEP. Flowers and young buds were removed, fixed in FAA₇₀ (formalin?:?acetic acid?:?ethanol, 2?:?1?:?17), and subjected to developmental studies. Our results show that DEP cause some abnormalities during pollen development. Pollen grains in normal plants are spherical in equatorial view and triangular in polar view; in DEP-treated plants, they were changed into irregular shapes in equatorial view and asteroidal in polar view. Delay in degeneration of the tapetum layer of the anther, and formation of giant, irregular, and non-fertile pollen grains are other results of DEP treatment. Gel electrophoretic studies revealed that a new protein with a molecular mass of 80?kD was formed in the DEP-treated group. Some pollen proteins may act as allergens, considering the fact that pollen allergy frequency is increased in polluted areas; the possibility arises that DEP could be an effective agent entail formation of detoxifying proteins which, on the other hand, can also act as allergens.     

应用时间-活动模式估计儿童个体NOx暴露水平

将时间-活动模式与微环境空气污染物监测相结合估计儿童个体NO_x暴露水平. 分别在北京和青岛两市各选择3所学校监测校园环境污染物,并在每个学校选择10名儿童监测其家庭居室空气中ρ(NO_x)及个体24 h NO_x暴露水平,同时收集其时间-活动信息,采用时间-活动模式估计儿童的个体暴露水平. 交通工具中的NO_x暴露水平可通过校门口空气中ρ(NO_x)和交通工具的污染水平系数(λ)估计.结果表明:利用时间-活动模式模拟的儿童个体24 h NO_x暴露水平为0.041 mg/m3,与调整后的个体暴露实测水平相关性较好(R0.785,P<0.01),差值为(-0.002　6±0.013　0) mg/m3,二者的差异无统计学意义 (t0.139,P>0.05).表明采用时间-活动模式与微环境空气质量监测结果相结合方法估计的儿童NO_x暴露水平与个体实际暴露水平一致.      

应用PART5模式计算机动车尾气管的颗粒物排放

采用修正的PART5模式获得了北京市机动车尾气管的颗粒物(PM10和PM2.5)排放因子.在此基础上,计算了北京市1995和1998年机动车PM10和PM2.5的排放总量,并确定了分车型的排放分担率和颗粒物中各组分(铅、硫酸盐、可溶性有机物和残余碳等)的比例.结果表明,北京市机动车PM10和PM2.5的平均排放因子很高,其中汽油车、摩托车和重型柴油车的排放因子分别是美国同期水平的1.7～8.6倍、2.1～3.5倍和1.3～1.5倍.1995年北京市机动车尾气管排放的PM10和PM2.5分别为2445t和1890t,1998年则分别增至3359t和2694t,增加的幅度为37.4%和42.5%.     

转炉钢渣回收风淬水冷工艺的排风量确定

转炉钢渣回收风淬水冷工艺过程中产生有水蒸气、余热、烟尘等多种工业污染物,工艺排风量确定受到工艺生产过程阵发性、烟气温差大、水蒸气含量多等因素影响。通过研究工艺过程热风平衡,分析确定了工艺过程排风量,其中考虑了分散钢渣液进入排风罩内的压缩空气量、钢渣水冷粒化过程产生的过热水蒸气量以及保证罩内负压的排风量。结合工程实例进行了设计计算。     

街道峡谷内不同车道污染物扩散的数值模拟

为掌握不同位置车道污染物的扩散规律,提出降低街道峡谷内居民与行人交通源暴露水平的可能途径,采用二维k-ε两方程模型和组分输运方程对典型结构双车道街谷内的流场与不同车道污染物的扩散进行模拟,模拟结果与风洞试验结果相符合. 研究发现:迎风车道的污染物更易于向街道峡谷外部扩散;不同位置车道的污染物均在背风侧堆积,可使两侧人行道暴露水平相差5倍. 街道峡谷底部污染物分布对车道位置较敏感,车道位置向街道峡谷中部靠拢,将使得背风建筑物底部及人行道的污染物浓度明显降低;迎风侧污染物浓度对车道位置不敏感,但当车道位置处于迎风侧次级旋涡内时,将导致迎风建筑物底部及人行道的污染物浓度近乎成倍增长. 将车道位于街道峡谷中部,优先采用道路两侧绿化,是增加行人舒适度和减少行人交通源暴露水平,并改善大楼低层住宅及底部出入口、临街商铺等人群活动区空气质量的可行途径之一.      

End-of-life vehicle recycling and automobile shredder residue management in Japan

The Japanese Government introduced the Law on Recycling of End-of-Life Vehicles (ELV Recycling Law) in 2002. This law requires manufacturers to retrieve chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), airbags, and automobile shredder residue (ASR) from ELVs and to properly recycle the remaining materials. This framework is compared with European ELV directives. Pilot-scale incineration plant testing has revealed a greater formation of by-product persistent organic pollutants (POPs) during the primary combustion of ASR compared to normal municipal solid waste. This may be attributed to the abundance of chlorine, Cu, and Fe in ASR, as Cu and Fe have been found to catalyze the formation of POPs under certain conditions. However, most by-product POPs were destroyed by the secondary combustion, and almost all were removed after flue gas treatment. The direct melting system is a shaft-type gasification and melting technology that has proved effective in many municipal solid waste applications. This system can be applied to ASR recycling for effective decomposition of brominated flame retardants and polybrominated dioxins.     

自然通风下横向走道防排烟方式和排烟口位置对烟气状态的影响模拟

通过建立高层建筑内烟气流动的数学模型,采用k-ε双方程三维紊流模型对高层建筑火灾时横向走道内不同防排烟方式和不同位置的排烟口对烟气状态的影响进行数值模拟;通过分析比较,得出对于火灾初期挡烟垂壁对延缓烟气扩散的效果明显,可以通过设置合理的挡烟垂壁高度和数量来延长疏散时间;笔者认为,重要场所应用机械排烟时,排烟口应避免设在前室附近,应将排烟口设置在以挡烟垂壁为防烟分区的中间部位;在保持总排烟量不变和不过分增加经济投入时应增设排烟口的数量以达到最佳排烟效果。     

北京市城区大气羰基化合物的季节变化

2006年8月19～22日（夏季）、 10月24～30日（秋季）和2007年1月20～23日（冬季）,利用被动式扩散采样器(DSD-DNPH)对北京市城区5个地点C₁～C₁₀羰基化合物进行了采样.通过高效液相色谱(high performance liquid chromatography, HPLC)分析, 20种羰基化合物被检测出,在夏季、秋季和冬季其总浓度分别为(89.1±23.6)、(85.2±17.5)和(40.0±9.8) μg/m³.其中,甲醛、乙醛和丙酮是浓度最高的3种羰基化合物,它们的浓度从冬季的(7.1±2.1)、(10.3±3.1)、(9.5±1.8) μg/m³增长到夏季的(15.3±9.2)、(12.9±4.9)、(13.3±3.5) μg/m³和秋季的(13.2±4.0)、(13±4.4)、(15.3±4.0) μg/m³.定性分析表明,羰基化合物的污染来源,冬季主要是机动车污染,而夏季和秋季则是来自光化学反应、机动车和餐馆油烟的综合污染.此外,在风速较大、扩散条件较好的条件下,甲醛、乙醛和丙酮等主要污染物浓度明显降低,表明扩散条件对羰基化合物浓度的影响较明显.     

柴油车排气净化技术探讨

柴油车的排气污染受到了越来越多的关注。文章分别介绍了柴油机排气中氮氧化物的还原、碳烟颗粒物的氧化以及同时去除氮氧化物和颗粒物的各种催化净化技术及其最新研究进展,并对该研究方向存在的主要问题和应用前景进行了探讨。     

Commuter exposure to BTEX in public transportation modes in Bangkok, Thailand

Measurements and monitoring of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have been conducted in the metropolitan Bangkok. However, in-vehicle levels of VOCs are still lacking. This study investigated VOCs concentrations in four public transportation modes in Bangkok, Thailand during two rush hour periods (7:00-9:00 a.m. and 4:00-7:00 p.m.). The four modes included an air-conditioned bus (A/C bus), non-air-conditioned bus (non-A/C bus), electric sky train, and a passenger boat traveling along the canal. Comparison among three important bus routes was also studied. In-vehicle air samples were collected using charcoal sorbent tubes and then analyzed by a gas chromatography-mass spectrometer. Results showed that the transportation modes significantly influenced the abundance of in-vehicle benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and m,p-xylene (BTEX). Median concentrations of BTEX were 11.7, 103, 11.7, and 42.8 μg/m3 in A/C bus; 37.1, 174, 14.7, and 55.4 μg/m3 in non-A/C bus; 2.0, 36.9, 0.5, and 0.5 μg/m3 in sky train; and 3.1, 58.5, 0.5, and 6.2 μg/m3 in boat, respectively. Wilcoxon rank sum test indicated that toluene and m,p-xylene in the sky trains were statistically lower than that in the other three modes at a p-value of 0.05. There were statistical differences in TEX concentrations among the bus routes in the non-A/C buses. In addition, the benzene to toluene ratios implied that tail-pipe emissions were important contributor to the abundance of in-vehicle VOCs.