Kin conflict over caste determination in social Hymenoptera

We argue that caste determination, the process whereby females in the social Hymenoptera develop into either queens or workers, is subject to kin-selected conflict. Potential conflict arises because developing females are more closely related to their would-be offspring than to those of other females. Therefore, they may favour becoming queens contrary to the interests of other developing females and of existing queens and workers. We suggest two contexts leading to potential caste conflict. The first occurs when queens are reared in a reproductive phase following an ergonomic phase of worker production, while the second occurs when queens and workers are reared simultaneously. The first context assumes that workers' per capita contribution to colony survival and productivity falls with rising colony size. A critical feature influencing whether potential conflict is realized is the extent to which developing females can determine their own caste (“self-determination”). Self-determination is facilitated when female larvae control their own food intake and when queen-worker size dimorphism is low. We know of no strong evidence for actual conflict over caste fate arising in the first context. However, stingless bees and polygynous ants with excess queen-potential larvae that are either forced to develop as workers or are culled as adults demonstrate actual caste conflict in the second context. Caste conflict does not preclude caste regulation for “the good of the colony”, but such regulation is contingent on either the absence of potential conflict or on developing females losing control of their caste fate. Received: 22 March 1999 / Received in revised form: 15 June 1999 / Accepted: 19 June 1999     

带有阶跃函数的GIM（1）预测模型及其应用

结合某水域地面水ＲＯＤ５的预测实践,研究提出了带有阶跃函数的ＧＩＭ（１）预测模型,并给出了估计这种模型参数的简便方法,从而扩大了ＧＩＭ（１）模型在环境系统中的应用范围,实例表明,运用该方法得到的模型比常规ＧＩＭ（１）具有更高的精度。     

Influence of High Levels of Total Suspended Solids on Measurement of Cod and Bod in the Yellow River, China

Using the Yellow River, China, the study explores the problem of the use of COD and BOD₅ as water quality management parameters in the presence of very high levels of suspended sediment (TSS) that characterize this river. Although the amount of natural organic matter per unit of suspended sediment of the Yellow River is not high, the very high concentration of mineral sediment in the Yellow River results in a large concentration of organic matter, which artificially inflates the laboratory values of COD and, as a consequent, leads to greatly exaggerated reports of pollution of the Yellow River. BOD₅ can more accurately reflect the pollution of the Yellow River than COD; however, measured values of BOD under-report the actual values due to settling of the sediment in the incubation chamber resulting in values that are 21.6--38.3% less than the actual values. Therefore corrections are required for laboratory COD and BOD values so that the values are not artifacts of the sediment regime. Our work provides new insight into this phenomenon and demonstrates how correction factors may be determined and used with pollution data. Our work also suggests that the actual pollution levels of the Yellow River are probably not as high as reported by monitoring agencies.     

分光光度法测定大气气溶胶中铬

研究采用分光光度法测定大气气溶胶中铬,测定波长为540nm.铬浓度在0.05 μ g/50mL～10μg/50mL范围内与吸光度呈良好的线性关系,大气气溶胶中铬的检出浓度为2.2×10-4 μg·m-3.当铬的浓度为0.07 μ g/50mL时,方法的相对标准偏差为12%(n=3),加标回收率为79%～113%.     

基于M-估计测定高氯化工废水CODCr

通过对照试验证明氯气校正可以去除高氯离子对CODCr测定的干扰。事实上,对于特定的高氯废水,实验发现CODCr与实际样品的Cl-含量相关。氯气校正测定的CODCr可用国标方法测定的CODCr和Cl-含量表示。分别以M估计和最小二乘建立了校准方程。进而,实验结果对于存在个别异常值的体系前者相对后者有所改善。     

HILIC/LC-MS直接分离测定大气颗粒物中的15种有机胺

本文建立了一种基于亲水作用液相色谱柱(HILIC)和液相色谱-质谱联用(LC-MS)的大气颗粒物有机胺的直接测定方法。颗粒物样品经甲醇提取、富集、浓缩后,对不同色谱柱与分析条件进行测试、对比,发现HILIC色谱柱可有效分离有机胺类化合物,高浓度以及低pH值的缓冲溶液可缩短大部分有机胺的保留时间,而流动相中有机相比例增加会延长保留时间。优化的HILIC/LC-MS分析方法可同时测定11种脂肪胺、2种脂环胺、1种芳香胺及1种醇胺,结合内标的有机胺标准曲线的线性相关系数R²为0.991—0.999。本方法的检出限(S/N=3)为0.59—75.46 ng·mL^-1,加标回收率为59%—92%,具有较高的精密度。该方法初步应用于青岛冬季大气细颗粒物样品中有机胺的测定,为大气有机胺的深入研究提供了方法参考与技术支撑。     

阳极溶出伏安法直接测定含微藻胞外产物海水中的Zn(Ⅱ)

研究了一种简单快速的直接测定含微藻胞外分泌产物海水中Zn(II)的方法。将含微藻胞外产物的海水样品用(1 1)HNO3酸化后,用阳极溶出伏安法直接测定其中Zn(II)的含量,溶出时加入0.1 mol.L-1HAc-0.3 mol.L-1NaAc缓冲溶液调节溶液的pH值4.5左右,以消除H 释放电流对溶出峰的影响。结果表明,对含3种藻类4个样品的5次平行测定的相对标准偏差为3.9%~7.5%,回收率为95.3%~107.8%,与消解后的测定结果无显著差别。在Zn(II)含量0~2.0 mg.L-1范围内,峰电流仍有很好的线性响应。     

垃圾焚烧炉烟气中二噁英的测定

采用标准采样分析方法,对垃圾焚烧炉烟气样品中的二喃英进行取样、提纯和HRGC/HRMS分析,对样品中4～8个氯取代的二噁英取得定量结果。      

COD快速测定法

以用时30min的半微量密闭微波消解法取代COD国标测定中的重铬酸钾回流法,改进后的方法精密度小于5．15％,准确度达到102％,COD测定下限为51mg／L。该法节省时间、取样量少、成本低,适用于大批量水样的快速测定。     

利用LZF－1DNA指纹探针进行家系的父权鉴定

ＬＺＦ－１ＤＮＡ指纹探针经同位素γ－３２Ｐ－ＡＴＰ标记后，检测了４个家系１３个个体血样的ＤＮＡ指纹．结果表明，父母的遗传物质在子代中的传递符合孟德尔遗传规律，无误地确定了４个家系中的亲子血缘关系．ＬＺＦ－１ＤＮＡ指纹探针在亲权鉴定中的父权概率是０．９９９６４，达到了父权认定的目的