Genetic influence on caste in the ant Camponotus consobrinus

Genetic influences on polyethism within social insect colonies are well known, suggesting that the determination of caste (soldiers and minor workers) may also be genetically mediated. The Australian sugar ant Camponotus consobrinus is suitable for such a study, having soldiers and minor workers that follow a complex allometry. Further, although most C. consobrinus colonies are monogynous, 13 of 42 surveyed using microsatellites were found to be polygynous. Thus, although a minority of colonies were polygynous, the great majority of queens live in polygynous colonies. From the 29 monogynous colonies studied, we inferred that the queens are monandrous. Ants from four polygynous colonies were assigned to families on the basis of microsatellite genotypes, after measurements had been taken of head width and scape length. These measurements reflect a complex allometry interpretable as soldier and minor worker growth curves with a large changeover zone. Genetic influence on caste determination was examined by testing for differences between families within colonies in the distribution of scape lengths, residuals from the overall colony allometric curve, and proportions of soldiers and minor workers (as determined by head width falling above or below the inflection point of the overall colony allometric curve). Families in all four colonies differed significantly in caste proportions and in head-width distributions, and three of the four colonies showed significant differences between families in residuals from the overall colony growth curve. Nested ANOVAs using head widths and scape-length residuals showed that when the effect of family is removed, intercolony differences in allometry are negligible. This evidence indicates genetic rather than environmental causes for the observed differences between families. We speculate that this variation may reflect some selective advantage to within-colony heterogeneity between families or that selective differences are few between a wide array of family growth patterns. Received: 16 June 1999 / Received after revision: 13 September 1999 / Accepted: 25 September 1999     

土壤中活性铝的流动注射分析

研究了ECR-CTMAB体系测定土壤中活性铝的流动注射分析。结果表明,该方法具有快速、灵敏的特点,进样频率为60个样/时,检出限为0.05μg/ml。用不同提取液提取各地区土壤中活性铝并进行了测定。     

CONCENTRATION AND SOURCES OF FECAL AND ORGANIC POLLUTION IN AN AGRICULTURAL WATERSHED1

ABSTRACT: Fecal contamination and organic pollution of an agricultural drainage in northeast Indiana was high. Bacterial counts (total coliform, TC; fecal coliform, FC; and fecal streptococcus, FS) and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) were used to assess waste concentrations. Coliform counts indicated that sections of the drainage receiving septic effluent had waste concentrations far in excess of public health standards (mean FC = 550,000/100 ml). Areas of drainage remote from septic tank pollution were found to occasionally meet federal public health standards for whole body contact recreation but generally these areas had twice the allowable limit of 200 FC/100 ml. Bacterial contamination was highest during runoff events when the median values for TC, FC, and FS were 5, 3, and 17 times greater, respectively, than the median values during low stream discharge. Surface flows carried contaminants from unconfined livestock operations and fecally contaminated sediment was transported by high waters. During one runoff event a BOD loading of 36.7 kg/km² was recorded and the peak BOD concentration observed was 16 mg/l. A discharge of liquid manure from a confined livestock operation caused a major fish kill. Pollution from septic tanks and unconfined livestock is greatest at high stream discharge when dilution reduces the impact on aquatic life.     

锌-双硫腙-溴化十六烷基三甲铵水相光度法测定水中微量锌

研究了双硫腙水相光度法测定微量锌的条件.在阳离子表面活性剂CTMAB存在下,于pH9.8～12.4的缓冲溶液中,锌与双硫腙形成红色配合物,其最大吸收波长为545nm,表观摩尔吸光系数为8.92×10~4L·mol~(-1)·cm~(-1),锌含量在0～12μg/25ml范围内符合比耳定律.用该方法测定水样中的微量锌,获得了较满意的结果.     

阴极溶出伏安法测定硫脲

本文报道了一种阴极溶出伏安法测定硫脲的新方法。在乙二胺介质中,于-0.76V处出现硫脲峰电流.在PH11的条件下可获得很高的灵敏度。电富集10分钟便可测出0.05PPb(6.57×10~(-10)mol/L)的硫脲.硫脲在1～1000PPb浓度范围内呈良好的线性关系.此法可用了废水中痕量硫脲的测定。     

浅谈BOD5测定中接种液的制备与使用

根据不同行业选择不同种类型的接种液，通过实验，得到了较理想的结果。     

褪色光度法测定微量碘的研究

研究了在硫酸介质中、溴化钾催化下 ,碘酸根氧化酸性铬蓝K褪色的最佳条件。其最大吸收波长λmax为 5 2 0nm ,表观摩尔吸光系数为 1 .1× 1 0 4 L·mol- 1·cm- 1,碘浓度在 0～ 3 .6mg/L内呈线性关系。方法用于测定加碘食盐中的碘 ,结果令人满意     

五日生化需氧量测定中稀释倍数的估算

假定样品经过培养后耗氧率达５５％；推导出ＢＯＤ５稀释倍数Ｋ＝ＢＯＤ５／４．４，由稀释程度规定推导出ＢＯＤ５稀释倍数Ｋ＝（ＢＯＤ５－１）／４．０两种方法Ｋ基本相同，标准样品，工业废水经上述方法稀释后，测定结果比较满意，尤其对工业废水测定，既缩短了分析时间，又降低了测定误差。     

用改进的凯氏法测定生物样品和水样中总氮方法的探讨

对凯氏法测定生物环境样品中总氮的测定方法进行了研究和改进，以简易装置代替凯氏消解装置，省略了蒸馏步骤。避免了称量时易造成的样品损失及蒸馏过程的氨氮损失。经过实际样品的测定，并与原测定方法进行了对比实验，证明改进后的测定方法具有准确度高，精密度好，实验装置及步骤简便易行的特点。缩短了实验周期，提高了氮的回收率。同时，用改进后的方法对水样进行了测定，也取得了良好效果。     

稠油废水回用处理工艺中悬浮物测定方法

对污水中悬浮物分析方法进行了实验研究。采用微孔膜过滤重量法、紫外可见分光光度法和激光粒度分析仪三种测试方法,对稠油污水各处理单元的出水悬浮物进行了对比分析。实验结果表明:微膜过滤重量法的影响因素为膜的溶解损失、烘干温度、烘干时间和冷却时间;紫外可见分光光度法的影响因素为搅拌强度、搅拌时间和温度。在测定沉降、浮选工艺出水中悬浮物含量时,采用重量法更准确、更有效。