Environmental and technological studies on the interaction of wool with some metal ions

The technical feasibility of using a suitable sorbent for the removal of some heavy metal ions from their aqueous solutions was investigated. The scope of the work covers the use of low-class native wool or wool wastes from industrial processes or from recycled woolen textiles for the removal of copper, nickel, cobalt, chromium, and zinc ions from their effluents. The sorption efficiency of the aforementioned metals by wool is in the following order: copper?>?cobalt?=?nickel?>?zinc?>?chromium.

The effect of time of sorption, temperature of the effluent, and concentration of metal ions on the rate of sorption was examined. The effect of oxidation or reduction of wool on its sorption power of copper ions is studied. The reduced wool was found to be better than native or oxidised wool in the sorption of copper metal from its effluents. The reuse of wool as metal sorber after elution of the metal, using hydrochloric acid, was also studied. It was found that wool can be reused for sorption after elution of copper up to 25 times of elution; a very limited amount of permanently fixed copper was observed. The use of sufficient woolen layers displays the best way of obtaining an effluent of zero copper content.     

Gas–liquid chromatography for fenvalerate residue analysis: alterations in the ionic concentration and associated adinosine triphosphatases in fish,Cirrhinus mrigala (hamilton)

In the present study, an attempt has been made to quantify the fenvalerate accumulated in different tissues (gill, muscle and liver) and observe changes involved in the levels of sodium, potassium and calcium ions and Na⁺–K⁺, Mg²⁺ and Ca²⁺ adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activities in the freshwater fish, Cirrhinus mrigala on short-term and long-term exposure to the median lethal and sublethal concentration of fenvalerate. Residue analysis using gas–liquid chromatography (GLC) technique revealed that fenvalerate accumulated in highest quantity in gill followed by liver and muscle under median lethal concentration (6?µg?L^?1). Whereas in sublethal concentration (0.6?µg?L^?1), muscle accumulated highest quantity followed by gill and liver, which might be due to the fact that fenvalerate is highly lyphophilic. The ion concentration and ATPase activity were found effected in fish exposed to lethal and sublethal concentrations of fenvalerate. Concentration of Na⁺, K⁺ and Ca²⁺ ions decreased in gill, muscle and liver on being exposed to median lethal concentration to a significant level. Whereas the changes were not highly pronounced at sub lethal level indicating low concentration of fenvalerate and its non-toxic effect at chronic exposure. Na⁺–K⁺, Mg²⁺ and Ca²⁺ ATPases activity were also found decreased in correspondence to the ionic change under median lethal and sub lethal concentrations in target tissues. This might have lead to behavioural changes and create wide-spread disturbance in the normal physiology, ultimately causing the death of the fish. The results suggest that in biomonitoring programmes, ions and associated ATPases can be a good diagnostic tool for fenvalerate toxicity.     

Synthesis and characterization of an ion exchanger based on tamarind kernel powder and its application for removal of some metal ions from industrial effluents

A resin synthesized from tamarind kernel powder possesses high selectivity for metal ions. Distribution coefficients for some metal ions has been determined by the batch method. The influence of pH on ion exchange capacity and K _d value of metal ions were studied. The resin has been characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, chemical composition and ion exchange capacity (IEC). The selectivity order is Pb²⁺?>?Cu²⁺?>?Fe²⁺?>?Zn²⁺?>?Ni²⁺. Removal of metal ions from the aqueous solution and from effluents of a steel mill has been studied.     

南京城区与郊区秋季大气PM_(10)中水溶性离子的特征研究

对南京市城区与郊区秋季PM10中水溶性离子的浓度水平,变化规律及其相关性进行分析。结果表明:水溶性离子是南京市PM10的重要组成部分,占PM10总量的26.8%～49.5%;NO3-、SO24-为南京PM10中离子的主要成分同时SO24-与PM10的相关性高,在郊区与城区相关系数分别为0.97与0.98;土壤源对Mg2+的贡献多于海洋气溶胶。郊区与城区非海盐Mg2+和Ca2+的比值分别为0.0308～0.0557与0.0314～0.0558,与中国北方沙漠地区相异,说明观测期间南京大气PM10主要受局地源影响;南京城、郊NO3-/SO24-均值分别为0.74和0.80,说明南京市城郊PM10中NO3-与SO24-更多地来自于机动车尾气排放。     

1990与2007年兰州冬季大气气溶胶中水溶性离子浓度比较

研究了兰州市1990和2007年冬季在同一地点采集的大气气溶胶样品,使用离子色谱法对其中8种水溶性无机阴离子和6种阳离子进行了分析. 结果发现,17年来由于工业和能源结构的改变以及机动车数量的急剧增加,气溶胶中主要水溶性离子的构成比例和排序正在发生明显变化. 2007年水溶性离子占TSP质量的比例比1990年上升了16%以上,上升最明显的是SO₄2-(4.43%),NH₄+(3.11%),Ca2+(2.50%),NO₃-(2.27%)和Cl-(2.07%). 其主要离子的排序以及在被测阴、阳离子总和中的比例也发生了明显变化. 阴离子中仍然以SO₄2-为首;而阳离子中,1990年是以Ca2+为首,到2007年则变成以NH₄+为首. NH₄+在被测阴、阳离子总和与阳离子总和中所占比例分别上升了7%和6%. 在研究气溶胶的同时,应重视其水溶性离子对人体的危害和影响.      

青藏高原湖泊小流域水体离子组成特征及来源分析

对青藏高原咸水湖蓬错、昂仁金错、打加错,淡水湖打加芒错、达格架温泉及各湖入湖支流阴、阳离子组成进行了分析.咸水湖阴离子以HCO-3、SO2-4为主,阳离子以Na+为主,属HCO3-SO4-Na和HCO3-Na型水;各湖支流及淡水湖阴离子以HCO-3或SO2-4为主,阳离子以Ca2+或Mg2+为主,属HCO3-Ca、HCO3-Ca-Mg、HCO3-Mg-Ca、HCO3-SO4-Ca、SO4-HCO3-Ca型水;达格架温泉阴离子以HCO-3为主,阳离子以Na+为主,属HCO3-Na型水.咸水湖主要受蒸发-结晶作用控制,各湖支流及淡水湖主要受碳酸盐岩风化控制,达格架温泉主要受热水-花岗岩作用控制.碳酸盐矿物沉淀时Ca2+优先Mg2+被移除,导致咸水湖具有较高的Mg2+/Ca2+比值.在阳离子组成端元贡献中,碳酸盐岩贡献最大(54%~79%),硅酸盐岩(13%~29%)和蒸发盐岩(4%~23%)次之,大气输入(3%~7%)最小.     

沙尘天气对兰州市PM10中主要水溶性离子的影响

利用在线监测仪器MARGA在兰州大学盘旋路校区对兰州市大气PM10中水溶性离子进行监测,监测期间(2011-04-01~2011-06-30)有15 d出现沙尘天气.兰州市PM10中主要水溶性离子物种为Ca2+、SO2-4和NO-3.扬沙天气期间NO-3和NH+4的浓度比非沙尘期间低,说明沙尘天气对当地人为源所排放污染物具有清除作用.沙尘天气期间,作为土壤污染源标识物的Mg2+、Na+和Ca2+离子都有明显增加,Na+和Mg2+相关系数为0.520,Na+和Ca2+相关系数为0.659,Mg2+和Ca2+相关系数为0.671,而非沙尘天气期间三者的相关系数并不高,Na+和Mg2+相关系数为0.065,Na+和Ca2+相关系数为0.131,Mg2+和Ca2+相关系数为0.163,说明沙尘天气期间三者之间具有相同的污染源,主要来自于土壤风沙尘,而非沙尘天气期间三者来源不同.Cl-的浓度在扬沙天气明显高于浮尘和非沙尘天气期间,说明外来的土壤风沙尘是Cl-的主要来源.     

乌鲁木齐PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)的形貌特征与来源解析

PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)是近年来乌鲁木齐市空气质量的首要污染物,其成分复杂,来源不清。采用扫描电镜和离子色谱研究了乌鲁木齐市2015年采暖期和非采暖期大气颗粒物PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)的显微形貌,元素组成及其水溶性离子特征,并采用主成分分析法(PCA)对其来源进行解析。结果表明:PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)的颗粒形态各异,以球状、团絮状形状居多。主要物质有硅铝酸盐颗粒、铁氧化物颗粒,硫酸/碳酸盐晶体,碳质气溶胶以及不明物质等。采暖期和非采暖期主要的无机水溶性离子分别是SO_4~(2-)、NH_4~+、NO_3~-、Cl~-和SO_4~(2-)、NH_4~+、NO_3~-、Ca~(2+)。推测乌鲁木齐市颗粒物污染主要来源于固定污染源。     

广州干湿季典型灰霾过程水溶性离子成分对比分析

利用广州气象台2011年地面逐时能见度和相对湿度数据,以及广州番禺南村大气成分站2011年逐时Marga数据、PM数据,对比分析了一次湿季(4—9月)灰霾过程和干季(10月—次年3月)灰霾过程的污染特征.研究表明,相对干季灰霾过程,湿季灰霾过程颗粒物浓度较低,且细粒子所占比例较高;由于湿季较干季光化学反应较为活跃及可能受气象因素的不同影响,导致干湿季灰霾过程颗粒物浓度的总体变化趋势相反;湿季灰霾过程二次无机离子(SO_4~(2-)、NH_4~+和NO_3~-)占PM_(2.5)质量百分比的76%,是PM_(2.5)的主要成分;干季灰霾过程二次无机离子(SO_4~(2-)、NH_4~+和NO_3~-)仅占PM_(2.5)质量百分比的34%;湿季硫氧化率(Sulfur Oxidation Ratio,SOR)、氮氧化率(Nitrogen Oxidation Ratio,NOR)值大于干季,说明二次离子对湿季灰霾的贡献比干季要大;湿季灰霾过程中气溶胶酸性比干季弱.根据相关性分析结果可知,湿季灰霾过程中,NH_4~+主要与SO_4~(2-)结合,Na+主要与Cl-及NO_3~-结合,K+主要与Cl-和NO_3~-结合,极少部分与SO_4~(2-)结合;而在干季灰霾过程中,NH_4~+除了与SO_4~(2-)结合之外,还以NH_4NO_3和NH_4Cl的形式存在,K~+主要与Cl~-和SO_4~(2-)结合,Na+主要与Cl~-及SO_4~(2-)结合.     

3种海洋硅藻藻粉吸附水中镉离子特性研究

利用3种海洋硅藻(角毛藻、菱形藻、海链藻)干粉对水中重金属镉离子进行吸附.实验结果表明,3种海洋硅藻对Cd~(2+)的吸附容量在一定范围内均与吸附时间、Cd~(2+)初始浓度和温度3个变量分别呈正相关关系.3种硅藻干粉对Cd~(2+)的吸附均很好地符合Pseudo二级动力学模型;吸附等温数据均更符合Langmuir等温吸附;在不考虑温度对吸附焓和吸附熵影响的前提下,计算得到的3种海洋硅藻的ΔG值均小于0.以上结果表明,3种海洋硅藻对Cd~(2+)的吸附过程是一个自发进行、有化学吸附参与的以单分子层吸附为主的吸附过程.角毛藻、菱形藻和海链藻最大实验吸附容量分别为275.25、303.75和224.36 mg·g~(-1),大大高于已报道各类生物吸附剂.以吸附容量最大的菱形藻干粉为吸附剂,考察实际水体中可能存在物质对其吸附性能的影响.结果表明,菱形藻对Cd~(2+)的吸附容量随着溶液中盐(Na Cl、Ca(NO_3)_2、Mg(NO_3)_2)浓度和浊度的增加而下降,而随着腐植酸浓度的增加不断升高.最后,利用HCl对吸附Cd~(2+)后的菱形藻进行解吸附再生实验,结果表明HCl可有效解吸菱形藻上的Cd~(2+),实现Cd~(2+)的脱附回收.