典型沙尘回流天气过程对北京市空气质量影响的特征分析

利用不同方位监测数据和气象资料,结合后向轨迹模型和激光雷达观测结果,对2011年3月18—21日北京市空气污染过程的天气形势、沙尘输送路径、污染物浓度的变化特征进行了分析.结果表明,这次污染过程主要是由于沙尘在上游沙源地起沙后先直接输送穿过北京,然后停留在渤海湾和朝鲜半岛区域,在渤海弱高压系统作用下,沙尘又回流至北京所致,其中,沙尘回流直接造成北京市空气质量达到重度污染天气.在沙尘回流影响过程中,PM10浓度呈现青龙山-北京市区-八达岭逐步升高的变化特征,国控站点PM10小时浓度持续16 h超过350μg·m-3,最大值达到571μg·m-3.SO2、NO2与PM10的小时浓度表现为同步变化规律,沙尘回流影响时,除了沙尘粒子外,周边地区的人为排放也是一个重要因素.     

夏季持续高温天气对北京市大气细粒子(PM2.5)的影响

在1999-06-23北京市出现长达13d的持续高温期间对细粒子(PM_2.5)质量浓度进行了观测.数据表明,持续高温期间细粒子质量浓度比非高温期间要高出2～3倍.但是通过对持续高温期间的气象数据进行分析,发现还是很利于污染物扩散.进一步分析同步监测的O₃浓度、颗粒物中SO₄^2-的粒径范围及其含量等数据,发现夏季持续高温期间活跃的光化学反应应该是北京市细粒子的主要来源.     

沈阳发展循环经济初探

通过分析循环经济在沈阳发展的意义 ,提出沈阳发展循环经济的初步设想 ,为创建循环经济示范城市提供初始框架。     

Water pricing towards sustainability of water resources: a case study in Beijing

The role of water pricing for managing water resources is widely recognized in many areas of the world because of the increasing scarcity of water resources, a high competition between water uses and environmental degradation. Based on the analysis of cost of water, this paper explores which types of cost should be reflected in the water pricing enhancing the sustainability of water resources. The principle of full cost pricing in which the cost should include supply cost, opportunity cost and externalities is proposed as a means to achieve the sustainability of water resources. In a case study of Beijing, low water price is analyzed as one reason for unsustainable water consumption. Thus water pricing justified is necessary and pressing. It is proposed to justify water price in phased manner and eventually towards full cost pricing. The assessment of impacts on water resources by raising water price shows water pricing could alleviate the conflict between water supply and demand. This paper concludes that water pricing can play an effective role in enhancing the sustainability of water resources in Beijing.     

南京市城区气溶胶粒度分布特征

以九段串级式撞击采样器对南京市气溶胶进行采样测定。经统计分析发现，气溶胶呈双峰分布，粒度分布规律明显，峰值粒径在0.37μm-0.65μm和4．3μm-5.6μm之间，气溶胶浓度季节变化显著，秋季＞夏秋，秋季颗粒物中细粒子质量百分比较夏季的多，两季质量中位位直径分别为6．5μm,4,4μm，说明与季节变化密切相关。     

北京市道路空气中NOx现状监测及控制对策

通过对北京城市3种典型交通道路空气中NOx的时空变化监测发现,城市道路空气NOx中NO分担率主要集中在31.6%～81.1%,明显高于非交通道路中NO的分担率(3.0%～34.0%).其原因是NO主要来源于机动车尾气的排放.利用MOBILE软件计算了各类机动车排放的ρ(NOx),并相应地确定了影响交通道路中ρ(NOx)的敏感因素.据此提出了北京市交通道路空气中NOx若干控制措施,如控制车速、车型、油料等.     

Innovative policy practices to advance building energy efficiency and retrofitting: Approaches,impacts and challenges in ten C40 cities

This study examines ten programmes to advance energy efficiency and retrofitting of existing, private sector buildings in C40 cities in Asia-Pacific and USA. We set out to identify differing policy approaches, together with potential impacts and implementation challenges for each. Findings unearthed six policy models – both mandatory and voluntary – with unique impacts and challenges. We demonstrate that innovation occurs without new policy inventions and largely by necessity, as new features are added and generic models are adapted to local circumstances. Our sample demonstrated experimentation with benchmarking in the USA, comprehensive regulation in Asia, and voluntary approaches in Australia. Overall, environmental impacts are particularly slow to emerge and plagued with attribution challenges. We found limited evidence of benchmarking programme effectiveness in reducing energy consumption in the short-term, but some indication of mid-term outcomes. Driven by unique local circumstances, the cap-and-trade model stood out by fostering large, sustained and attributable GHG emission reductions and retrofitting. Market and social impacts are highly significant across all programmes, highlighting needs to consider non-environmental impacts in policy evaluation. We emphasise the complementary potential of voluntary and regulatory approaches to advancing energy efficiency and climate resilience. We also underscore the potential for reporting or benchmarking programmes to later transition to models mandating performance improvements, such as cap-and-trade.     

完善北京市地方水环境标准体系的总体思路

随着国家水环境标准思路的改变,北京市水环境标准也应进行相应的修订。在分析北京市水环境标准现状的基础上,指出了目前标准体系存在的主要问题。根据北京市水环境标准需求,提出了完善北京市水环境标准体系的总体思路,涉及工业、城镇污水处理厂、医疗机构等方面。标准体系完善对降低污染物排放、改善北京市水环境质量起着重要的作用,对未来北京市水环境标准体系的规划起着很好的参考意义。     

Spatial variability of organochlorine pesticides （DDTs and HCHs） in surface soils from the alluvial region of Beijing, China

The spatial variability in the concentrations of 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) and 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis-(p-chlorophenyl) ethane (DDT) in surface soils was studied on the basis of the analysis of 131 soil samples collected from the surface layer (0-20 cm depth) of the alluvial region of Beijing, China. The concentrations of total HCHs (including α-, β-, γ-, and δ-isomers) and total DDTs (i ncluding p,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDD, p,p'-DDE, and o,p'-DDT) in the surface soils tested were in the range from nondetectable to 31.72 μg/kg dry soil, with a mean value of 0.91, and from nondetectable to 5910.83 μg/kg dry soil, with a mean value of 32.13,respectively. It was observed that concentrations of HCHs in all soil samples and concentrations of DDTs in 112 soil samples were much lower than the first grade (50 μg/kg) permitted in "Environment quality standard for soils in China (GB15618-1995)". This suggests that the pollution due to organochlorine pesticides was generally not significant in the farmland soils in the Beijing alluvial region. In this study, the spatial distribution and trend of HCHs and DDTs were analyzed using Geostatistical Analyst and GS (513).Spatial distribution indicated how these pesticides had been applied in the past. Trend analysis showed that the concentrations of HCHs,DDTs, and their related metabolites followed an obvious distribution trend in the surface soils from the alluvial region of Beijing.     

石河子市土壤环境磁学特征及空间分布研究

以干旱区新兴绿洲城市石河子市为研究区,采集80个(0~10 cm)表层土壤样品,运用环境磁学方法,对土壤磁性矿物的含量、组成和粒度等参数进行了详细测定和分析.结果表明,石河子市表层土壤磁性特征以亚铁磁性的多畴磁铁矿或磁赤铁矿为主导,同时伴有少量的不完全反铁磁性矿物;从空间分布来看,亚铁磁性矿物含量表现为北部新城区>中心城区>郊区农用地;而磁性矿物颗粒粒度大小依次为北部新城区>郊区农用地>中心城区.磁性矿物的高浓度区与大多数工厂的分布具有一致性;但重化工业集中区(N1~N7)却表现为磁性矿物浓度较低,同时磁性颗粒粒径较大.在研究区内质量磁化(χLF)、饱和等温剩磁(SIRM)和软剩磁(SOFT)是指示工业所在区的有效磁性参数指标,而在化工业集中区需结合磁性粒度参数χFD%进行判别.