绥化市城市生态系统健康状况研究

针对当前城市生态系统健康问题,从自然、经济、社会三个子系统出发,运用数学模型对绥化市城市生态系统的健康水平进行了评价。结果表明,2000年-2004年绥化市生态系统综合健康处于亚健康状态,但有逐年好转的趋势。其中自然子系统的健康水平最好,对综合健康指数贡献值最大,经济和社会子系统健康水平相对较低,对综合健康指数的贡献值相对较小。提高经济和社会子系统的健康水平,使经济、社会和自然三大子系统健康协调发展是提高绥化市城市生态系统健康水平的关键。     

Monitoring Diffuse Impacts: Australian Tourism Developments

/ The scientific quality of monitoring for diffuse environmental impacts has rarely been quantified. This paper presents an analysis of all formal environmental monitoring programs for Australian tourism developments over a 15-year period from 1980 to 1995. The tourism sector provides a good test bed for this study because tourism developments are (1) often adjacent to or even within conservation reserves and other relatively undisturbed natural environments, and (2) often clustered, with resulting cumulative impacts that require detection at an early stage. Here we analyze the precision and reliability with which monitoring programs as actually implemented can detect diffuse environmental impacts against natural variation. Of 175 Australian tourism developments subject to EIA from 1980 to 1993 inclusive, only 13 were subject to formal monitoring. Only 44 individual parameters, in total, were monitored for all these developments together. No baseline monitoring was conducted for nine of the 44 parameters. For the remaining 35, only one was monitored for a full year. Before, after, control, impact, paired sampling (BACIP) monitoring designs were used for 24 of the 44 parameters, and power analysis in 10. The scientific quality of monitoring was significantly better for developments subject to control by the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority (GBRMPA). The key factor appears to be the way in which GBRMPA uses external referees and manages external consultants. The GBRMPA model merits wider adoption.     

运用经验公式分析BOD5

运用经验公式分析BOD5,节省时间、人力、财力,对污染源企业用此方法是可行的。     

青岛市城市资源、基础设施与其经济社会协调发展的定量评价和分析

在分析青岛市城市资源、基础设施条件与其经济社会发展之间关系的基础上．构建了多层次评价指标体系，对城市资源和基础设施这两大因素与青岛市经济社会发展的协调关系进行定量评价。结果表明,2001—2004年期间，青岛市城市盗源、基础设施与其经济社会各年度的协调发展度均大于0．8。其中,经济社会发展水平呈现持续增长的势头，而城市资源和基础设施的发展水平则呈现出波浪型态势。说明后者的发展尚不够稳定；另外．除了2002年城市资源与基础设施的发展超前于经济社会发展水平外。其余年份都是滞后的。今后要进一步加大对青岛市城市资源与基础设旌开发和建设的力度，以满足城市协调可持续发展的要求。     

A strategy for the next decade to address data deficiency in neglected biodiversity

Measuring progress toward international biodiversity targets requires robust information on the conservation status of species, which the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species provides. However, data and capacity are lacking for most hyperdiverse groups, such as invertebrates, plants, and fungi, particularly in megadiverse or high-endemism regions. Conservation policies and biodiversity strategies aimed at halting biodiversity loss by 2020 need to be adapted to tackle these information shortfalls after 2020. We devised an 8-point strategy to close existing data gaps by reviving explorative field research on the distribution, abundance, and ecology of species; linking taxonomic research more closely with conservation; improving global biodiversity databases by making the submission of spatially explicit data mandatory for scientific publications; developing a global spatial database on threats to biodiversity to facilitate IUCN Red List assessments; automating preassessments by integrating distribution data and spatial threat data; building capacity in taxonomy, ecology, and biodiversity monitoring in countries with high species richness or endemism; creating species monitoring programs for lesser-known taxa; and developing sufficient funding mechanisms to reduce reliance on voluntary efforts. Implementing these strategies in the post-2020 biodiversity framework will help to overcome the lack of capacity and data regarding the conservation status of biodiversity. This will require a collaborative effort among scientists, policy makers, and conservation practitioners.     

Inhibition character of crotonaldehyde manufacture wastewater on biological acidification

• The inhibition of the main organic pollutions in CMW was demonstrated. • Variations of AK and BK showed a high correlation with the SAA of Ac and n-Bu. • The inhibitory degree was in the order of Ac>n-Bu for individual toxicants. • Biodegradation products of the main toxicants were analyzed. This work aims to investigate the inhibitory effect of crotonaldehyde manufacture wastewater (CMW) on biological acidification. To reveal the inhibitory effect of wastewater to the anaerobic granular sludge (AnGS), variations of the specific acidogenic activity (SAA) and activities of key enzymes were investigated. The results indicated that the dosage of CMW causing a 50% effect concentration (EC₅₀) on the activity of total volatile fatty acids (TVFA) production was 380 mg COD/g VSS. The inhibitory effect of individual toxicants in CMW on the activity of TVFA production were in the order of crotonaldehyde>ethyl sorbate>(E,E)-2,4-hexadienal, and their inhibitory degrees on individual VFA products were acetic acid (Ac)>n-butyric acid (n-Bu), which could correspond to the variations in the activities of acetate kinase (AK) and butyrate kinase (BK). Furthermore, the combined effect of three toxicants on the activity of TVFA production was significantly higher than that of any individual toxicant, and the contribution of the relative toxicity to CMW was 77.27%. Additionally, the biodegradation products of the main toxicants indicated that the removal of crotonaldehyde and (E,E)-2,4-hexadienal was primarily due to the hydrogenation of alkene and aldehyde and the oxidation of aldehyde. Nevertheless, the removal of ethyl sorbate was primarily based on adsorption. In conclusion, biological acidification has a limited ability to treatment CMW, therefore, a further pretreatment technology should be used to remove the main toxicant of wastewater.     

基于SML指数的环境回弹效应分析：模型与测算

本文通过搭建环境回弹效应理论框架,采用熵权法构造各地区综合环境污染指数,利用Sequential Malmquist-Luenberger指数全要素生产率模型测度技术进步对经济增长的贡献率,定量评估了1999—2017年我国30个省份的环境回弹效应,识别了环境回弹效应时序演变和区域差异,并进一步利用空间分析技术探究环境回弹效应的空间分布特征。研究表明:样本期内各省份环境回弹效应均值集中在-13.23%~29.63%,全国平均环境回弹效应为10.42%,实际减污率仅为65.74%;时序特征上,环境回弹效应与技术进步有部分相关性,但存在滞后作用,经济发展水平和技术溢出效应是主要的异质性来源;空间特征上,环境回弹效应的区域差异显著,但具有空间相关性,地理因素在解释环境回弹效应的影响因素中不容忽视;全局自相关检验表明2006—2011年各省份环境回弹效应呈显著的正自相关,空间集聚特征明显。建议进一步挖掘环境降污空间,加快经济增长与环境污染的脱钩,关注区域协同减排,是改善污染治理的有效措施。     

FSRU作业过程火灾爆炸危险性评估研究

浮式储存和再气化装置（FSRU）运行过程中易导致火灾爆炸等事故的发生,为有效评估FSRU作业过程火灾爆炸危险性,采用火灾爆炸危险指数评估法,对运用FSRU的某浮式LNG接收终端进行危险性评估;选取LNG运输船与FSRU装料作业等9个单元,研究确定了一般工艺危险性系数、特殊工艺危险性系数、安全措施补偿系数等参数,得出了补偿前后的火灾爆炸危险性指数,有效评估了FSRU作业过程火灾爆炸危险性,并基于研究结果提出了保障FSRU作业安全的对策措施与建议。研究结果表明,安全措施补偿前,缘于LNG/NG本身的火灾危险性和数量较大,能量高度集中,LNG运输船与FSRU装料作业等单元的火灾爆炸危险等级均达到了“非常大”;在采取了一系列的安全措施补偿后,火灾爆炸危险指数降低了3/5左右。这对系统深入地研究FSRU作业安全具有较重要的理论意义和实际应用价值。     

1961—2014年中国干燥度指数的时空变化研究

论文采用中国1961—2014年530个气象站数据,运用FAO-56 Penman-Monteith公式计算潜在蒸散发量,并结合降水量计算中国1961—2014年干燥度指数（Aridity index,AI）,然后采用Mann-Kendall趋势检验、突变检验和小波分析对其进行时空变化分析。结果表明：1）1961—2014年中国整体、西北地区、青藏地区的干燥度指数均呈显著减小趋势,而南方地区干燥度指数呈微弱减小趋势,北方地区干燥度指数呈不显著增加趋势。中国干燥度指数的突变发生于1986年,而各个分区的突变时间有所差异。2）1961—2014年中国整体、北方地区和西北地区干燥度指数变化主周期均为28 a,南方地区稍晚1 a,青藏地区提前2 a,所有地区均在主周期上经历了变大—变小—变大的过程。同时所有地区也存在不同时间尺度的次周期变化。3）整个中国、西北地区和南方地区潜在蒸散发量的减少和降水量的增加,共同引起了干燥度指数的减小。在北方地区,年降水量的显著减小和潜在蒸散发减小引起干燥度指数呈现微弱增加趋势。在青藏地区,潜在蒸散发的微弱增加和降水量显著增加引起干燥度指数呈现显著减小趋势。4）中国干燥度指数在空间格局上和降水的分布相反,呈现出西北大、东南小的特征。北方地区整体干燥度指数偏小,但中部区域降水相对减少,蒸发能力增强,导致干燥度指数相对偏大。南方地区气温较高,蒸发能力强,但雨量充沛,是我国干燥度指数最小的区域。西北地区较为干燥,降水少,蒸发强,是我国干燥度指数最大的区域。青藏地区由于青藏高原的阻挡作用以及东部地区较为丰富的降水量,使得干燥度指数由东向西逐渐增加,呈现西干东湿的格局。     

区域用水环境经济综合效率及其影响因素——基于DEA和Malmquist指数模型

仅考虑经济效益而忽略环境损害的水资源利用效率指标不能全面反映区域用水的真实效果.本文基于DEA和Malmquist指数模型,提出区域用水环境经济综合效率(WEEE)概念及其评价方法,分析了2001~2012年河南省主要地市的WEEE及其影响因素.结果表明,研究时段内水资源利用保持了较高经济效率,但环境效率相对较差并由此拉低全省WEEE平均约2%;2012年WEEE未达到DEA有效的地市水资源投入平均冗余率约为18%,COD和NH₃-N平均超排率分别约为49%和49.2%,说明这些地市存在水资源利用低效和水污染物排放较高的问题.通过分析水资源利用的全要素生产率(TFP)发现,技术变化指数在研究时段内下降了2%,是抑制WEEE增长的最主要因素.为了在水资源利用过程中取得更好的环境和经济综合效益,河南省应加大对工农业节水和水污染防治的科技投入,并在严格控制用水总量的同时进一步加强水污染物的减排工作.