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291.
Enantioselectivity in ecotoxicity and biodegradation of chiral pesticide benalaxyl to freshwater algae Scenedesmus obliquus was studied. The 96 h-EC50 values of rac-, R-(−)-, S-(+)-benalaxyl were 2.893, 3.867, and 8.441 mg L−1, respectively. Therefore, the acute toxicities of benalaxyl enantiomers were enantioselective. In addition, the pigments chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b, antioxidant enzyme activities catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) as well as lipid peroxide malondialdehyde (MDA) were determined to evaluate the different toxic effects. Chlorophyll a was induced by S-(+)-benalaxyl but inhibited by R-(−)-benalaxyl at 1 mg L−1. Chlorophyll b were both induced at 1 mg L−1, but S-(+)-form was fourfold higher than R-(−)-form. S-(+)-benalaxyl inhibited more CAT activities at 3 mg L−1 and 5 mg L−1, induced less SOD activity and MDA content at 5 mg L−1 than R-(−)-benalaxyl. Based on these data, enantioselectivity occurred in anti-oxidative stress when S. obliquus response to benalaxyl. In the biodegradation experiment, the half-lives of S-(+)-benalaxyl and R-(−)-benalaxyl were 4.07 d and 5.04 d, respectively, resulting in relative enrichment of the R-(−)-form. These results showed that toxic effects and biodegradation of benalaxyl in S. obliquus were enantioselective, and such enantiomeric differences must be taken into consideration in pesticide risk. 相似文献
292.
The polyfluorinated carboxylic acids 5:3 acid (C5F11CH2CH2CO2H) and 7:3 acid (C7F15CH2CH2CO2H) are major products from 6:2 FTOH (C6F13CH2CH2OH) and 8:2 FTOH (C8F17CH2CH2OH) aerobic biotransformation, respectively. The 5:3 and 7:3 acids were dosed into domestic WWTP activated sludge for 90 d to determine their biodegradability. The 7:3 acid aerobic biodegradability was low, only 1.7 mol% conversion to perfluoroheptanoic acid (PFHpA), whereas no transformation was observed previously in soil. In stark contrast, 5:3 acid aerobic biodegradability was enhanced 10 times in activated sludge compared to soil. The 5:3 acid was not activated by acyl CoEnzyme A (CoA) synthetase, a key step required for further α- or ß-oxidation. Instead, 5:3 acid was directly converted to 4:3 acid (C4F9CH2CH2CO2H, 14.2 mol%) and 3:3 acid (C3F7CH2CH2CO2H, 0.9 mol%) via “one-carbon removal pathways”. The 5:3 acid biotransformation also yielded perfluoropentanoic acid (PFPeA, 5.9 mol%) and perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA, 0.8 mol%). This is the first report to identify key biotransformation intermediates which demonstrate novel one-carbon removal pathways with sequential removal of CF2 groups. Identified biotransformation intermediates (10.2 mol% in sum) were 5:3 Uacid, α-OH 5:3 acid, 5:2 acid, and 5:2 Uacid. The 5:2 Uacid and 5:2 acid are novel intermediates identified for the first time which confirm the proposed pathways. In the biodegradation pathways, the genesis of the one carbon removal is CO2 elimination from α-OH 5:3 acid. These results suggest that there are enzymatic mechanisms available in the environment that can lead to 6:2 FTOH and 5:3 acid mineralization. The dehydrogenation from 5:3 acid to 5:3 Uacid was the rate-limiting enzymatic step for 5:3 acid conversion to 4:3 acid. 相似文献
293.
There is little information on trimethylnaphthalenes (TMNs) which are constituents of diesel fuel and bitumen emissions. In this study, a theoretical investigation of the electronic properties of all trimethylnaphthalene (TMN) isomers and their relation to biodegradation are presented. Equilibrium geometries, ionization potentials (IPs), electron affinities (EAs), dipole moments and electronic dipole polarizabilities of TMN isomers calculated by ab initio and Density Functional Theory (DFT) methods are reported. Polarizability and dipole moment computations have been performed in gas and in water solution using the polarizable continuum model (PCM). The results obtained show that the IP value varies little along the series of isomers while averaged static dipole polarizabilities (〈α〉) increase on passing from α,α,α-TMN to β,β,β-TMN isomers. This indicates that the binding affinity between TMNs and active site of bacterial enzymes is mainly determined by dispersive and inductive effects. Therefore, the computed polarizability values of TMNs can be used as predictors of the rates of biodegradation of TMNs. 相似文献
294.
In the present study, 5 isolates of brown-rot fungi were used for fungal bioprocessing (FB) of chromated copper arsenate (CCA)-treated wood wastes: Antrodia vaillantii SEL8501, Fomitopsis palustris TYP0507 and TYP6137, and Crustoderma sp. KUC8065 and KUC8611. The isolates showed notable capacity for the degradation of treated wood and removal of CCA components via the American Wood Protection Association soil block test. Among them, Crustoderma sp. KUC8611 effectively decayed the treated wood, causing a mass loss of up to 60%. F. palustris caused extensive leaching of CrO3 of up to 79% and As2O5 of up to 87%, but only moderate leaching of CuO of up to 50%. This high capacity for removal of CrO3 and As2O5 showed a strong logarithmic relationship with the amount of oxalic acid produced in the decayed wood. The majority of metals removed from treated wood during the decay process were deposited in the soil and feeder strip. Further investigation will be required to establish the capability of selected fungi for FB of full-sized lumber treated with CCA. 相似文献
295.
Qun Zhang Shuhuai Li Chen Ma Nancun Wu Chunli Li Xinfeng Yang 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2018,53(5):304-312
The degradation of bifenthrin (BF) and chlorpyrifos (CP), either together or individually, by a bacterial strain (CB2) isolated from activated sludge was investigated. Strain CB2 was identified as belonging to genus Pseudomonas based on the morphological, physiological, and biochemical characteristics and a homological analysis of the 16S rDNA sequence. Strain CB2 has the potential to degrade BF and CP, either individually or in a mixture. The optimum conditions for mixture degradation were as follows: OD600nm = 0.5; incubation temperature = 30°C; pH = 7.0; BF-CP mixture (10 mg L?1 of each). Under these optimal conditions, the degradation rate constants (and half-lives) were 0.4308 d?1 (1.61 d) and 0.3377 d?1 (2.05 d) for individual BF and CP samples, respectively, and 0.3463 d?1 (2.00 d) and 0.2931 d?1 (2.36 d) for the BF-CP mixture. Major metabolites of BF and CP were 2-methyl-3-biphenylyl methanol and 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol, respectively. No metabolite bioaccumulation was observed. The ability of CB2 to efficiently degrade BF and CP, particularly in a mixture, may be useful in bioremediation efforts. 相似文献
296.
Kauser Jahan Raúl Ordóñez Ravi Ramachandran Shira Balzer Michael Stern 《Water, Air, & Soil Pollution: Focus》2008,8(3-4):395-404
Nonylphenol is the primary breakdown product of nonylphenol ethoxylates, a certain class of nonionic surfactants. Nonylphenol
has been found to be toxic to aquatic organisms and has been suspected of being harmful to humans due to its xenoestrogenic
properties. Although there are known releases of nonylphenol to the environment, there is a lack of data describing the extent
of biodegradation. This study thus focuses on much needed information on the biodegradation kinetics of nonylphenol. Oxygen
uptake, cell growth and nonylphenol removal data were collected using batch reactors in an electrolytic respirometer. Nonylphenol
removal, cell growth and substrate removal rates were modeled by the Monod, Haldane, Aiba, Webb, and Yano equations. The differential
equations were solved by numerical integration to simulate cell growth, substrate removal, and oxygen uptake as a function
of time. All models provided similar results with the Haldane model providing the best fit. The values of the kinetic parameters
and the activation energy for nonylphenol were determined. These values can be used for predicting fate and transport of nonylphenol
in the environment. The validity of applying each model to the biodegradation of nonylphenol was analyzed by computing the
R
2 values of each equation. 相似文献
297.
M. M. Reddy Rahul K. Gupta Rakesh K. Gupta S. N. Bhattacharya R. Parthasarathy 《Journal of Polymers and the Environment》2008,16(1):27-34
The best approach to induce oxo-biodegradation in polyethylene is the use of special additives known as pro-oxidants. Pro-oxidants
accelerate abiotic oxidation and subsequent polymer chain cleavage rendering the product apparently more susceptible to biodegradation.
In this work, the abiotic oxidation is studied to understand how the addition of nanoclay affects the oxidation rate and the
degradation mechanism of oxo-biodegradable polyethylene. In order to achieve this, the following materials were used in this
study: (1) polyethylene (PE), (2) oxo-biodegradable polyethylene (OPE), (3) polyethylene nanocomposite (PENac), and (4) oxo-biodegradable
polyethylene nanocomposite (OPENac). Wide-Angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) studies
reveal that grafting in the preparation of composites helps to achieve mixed intercalated/exfoliated morphology in PENac and
OPENac. Abiotic oxidation was carried out in an oven for a period of 14 days at 70 °C with air supply. The effect of abiotic
oxidation was evaluated by measuring the changes in tensile strength, elongation at break, carbonyl index and molecular weight.
Results show that OPE and OPENac are more susceptible to oxidation than PENac. The molecular weight distribution data obtained
from GPC reveal that the addition of nanoclay does not alter the oxidation mechanism in OPE significantly. 相似文献
298.
Paul Olusegun Bankole Kirk Taylor Semple Byong-Hun Jeon Sanjay Prabhu Govindwar 《Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering》2020,14(6):113
299.
Fredrik Reichenberg Örjan Gustafsson Parmely H. Pritchard Philipp Mayer 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2010,158(5):1214-3026
Composting of manufactured gas plant soil by a commercial enterprise had removed most of its polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), but concentrations remained above regulatory threshold levels. Several amendments and treatments were first tested to restart the PAH degradation, albeit with little success. The working hypothesis was then that PAHs were “stuck” due to strong sorption to black carbon. Accessibility was measured with cyclodextrin extractions and on average only 4% of the PAHs were accessible. Chemical activity of the PAHs was measured by equilibrium sampling, which confirmed a low exposure level. These results are consistent with strong sorption to black carbon (BC), which constituted 59% of the total organic carbon. Composting failed to remove the PAHs, but it succeeded to minimize PAH accessibility and chemical activity. This adds to accumulating evidence that current regulatory thresholds based on bulk concentrations are questionable and alternative approaches probing actual risk should be considered. 相似文献
300.
Nadia Glæsner Jacob Bælum Bjarne W. Strobel 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2010,158(12):3670-3674
Mineralisation of atrazine in soil has been shown to depend on previous exposure of the herbicide. In this study, 24 Danish soils were collected and screened for potential to mineralise atrazine. Six soils were chosen, because they had never been exposed to atrazine, whereas 18 soils were chosen because of their history of application of atrazine or the related compound terbuthylazine. None of the 24 soils revealed a mineralisation potential of more than 4% of the added atrazine within a 60 day timeframe. In an atrazine adapted French soil, we found 60% mineralisation of atrazine in 30 days. Cattle manure was applied in order to boost the microbial activity, and a 2-3% increase in the atrazine mineralisation was found in some of the temperate soils, while in the highly adapted French soil it caused a 5% reduction. 相似文献