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11.
Katja?BargumEmail author Jacobus?J.?Boomsma Liselotte?Sundstr?m 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2004,57(1):9-16
The genetic basis of morphological traits in social insects remains largely unexplored. This is even true for individual body size, a key life-history trait. In the social insects, the size of reproductive individuals affects dispersal decisions, so that small size in queens is often associated with reduced dispersal, and large size with long-range dispersal and independent colony founding. Worker size is connected to division of labour when workers specialize in certain tasks according to their size. In many species, variation in worker size has been shown to increase colony performance. In this study, we present the first evidence of an additive genetic component to queen size in ants, using maternal half sib analysis. We also compared intra-colony size variation in colonies with high (queen doubly mated) versus low (queen singly mated) genetic variability. We found a high and significant heritability (h2=0.51) for queen size in one of the two study years, but not in the other. Size variation among queens was greater in colonies headed by a doubly mated queen in one of the study years, but not in the other. This indicates that genetic factors can influence queen size, but that environmental factors may override these under some circumstances. The heritability for worker size was low (h2=0.09) and non-significant. Increased genetic diversity did not increase worker size variation in the colonies. Worker size appeared largely environmentally determined, potentially allowing colonies to adjust worker size ratios to current conditions.Communicated by J. Heinze 相似文献
12.
Although filial cannibalism (eating one’s own offspring) occurs in numerous species, including several teleost fishes, its
adaptive value is still not well understood. One often-discussed explanation is that individuals enhance their mass and body
condition by consuming part of their eggs. However, evidence for this assumption is scarce thus far. In this study, male three-spined
sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus), a species with paternal care, were allowed to care for a batch of eggs or for an empty nest under food-deprived conditions.
All brood-caring males cannibalised at least part of their eggs and thus preserved their initial mass and body condition.
Furthermore, mass as well as body condition was significant positively correlated with the number of cannibalised eggs. In
contrast, empty-nest males that had no possibility to cannibalise eggs significantly lost mass and body condition. This is,
to our knowledge, the first experimentally documented evidence that mass as well as body condition were preserved by filial
cannibalism. 相似文献
13.
In mammalian polygynous mating systems, male reproductive effort consists mainly of male–male competition and courting of
females, which entail substantial somatic costs. Males are thus expected to adjust their reproductive effort according to
their age and condition. In this study, we examined how activity budgets of male mountain goats (Oreamnos americanus), a polygynous ungulate, varied with age in a marked population over two periods: (1) summers 1995–2006 and (2) ruts 2004–2006.
We then assessed if the proportions of time spent in male–male competition and courtship behaviors were influenced by age-specific
body mass and social rank during the rut. Males spent most of their time foraging and resting during summer, and rested more
and foraged less with increasing age. During the rut, pronounced shifts in activity budgets occurred as juveniles (1–2 years)
increased time spent foraging, whereas adults (≥3 years) increased standing and time spent in social interactions at the expense
of foraging. At old age, reproductive effort either stabilized or decreased slightly, providing weak support for the ‘mating
strategy–effort’ hypothesis, predicting that courtship behaviors should peak in prime-aged males. Age-specific body mass did
not affect time spent in male–male competition, but was positively related with time spent in courtship behaviors, providing
support for the ‘individual quality’ hypothesis, predicting that males with more resources at the start of the rut should
spend more time in mating-related activities. Age-specific social rank did not affect reproductive effort. Surviving to prime
age while increasing mass each year should thus allow male ungulates to gain greater ability to court estrus females. 相似文献
14.
Dr R. J. Morrow M. J. Whittle Margaret B. McNay P. A. M. Raine A. A. M. Gibson Jenny Crossley 《黑龙江环境通报》1993,13(2):111-115
An attempt was made to identify all the cases of abdominal wall defects occurring in the West of Scotland over a 7-year period to determine the current incidence, prenatal diagnosis, management, and prognosis for fetuses and neonates with abdominal wall defects. Cases were identified because they presented either for prenatal diagnosis, or to the Department of Pathology following termination or spontaneous pregnancy loss, or as neonates to the Neonatal Surgical Department. The incidence of abdominal wall defects was found to be 1 in 2500 births. Exomphalos was diagnosed before birth in 66 per cent of cases, and in 30 per cent of cases it was associated with another major abnormality. There was a 20 per cent intact survival in the cases diagnosed prenatally who had no fetal anomaly and who opted to continue with the pregnancy. Gastroschisis was diagnosed before delivery in 70 per cent of cases, and in the group who continued with the pregnancy there was an intact survival of 77 per cent. Body stalk anomalies were all diagnosed prenatally and terminated. Maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein was elevated in 89 per cent of the cases with exomphalos and in 100 per cent of the cases with gastroschisis and body stalk anomalies in which it was tested. 相似文献
15.
Eric Jauniaux Sanjay Vyas Caroline Finlayson Gonzalo Moscoso Marie Driver Stuart Campbell 《黑龙江环境通报》1990,10(2):127-132
Ultrasonographic features of a fetus at 18 weeks of gestation suggesting a body stalk anomaly are presented. These included a large abdominal anterior wall defect in apparent continuity with the placenta, severe kyphoscoliosis of the lower spine, the absence of one kidney, and a very short umbilical cord with only one umbilical artery. The amniotic fluid was reduced and the fetus was almost immobile at short-interval ultrasound examinations. The pregnancy was terminated and autopsy of the fetus showed abnormalities compatible with maldevelopment of both cephalic and caudal embryonic folds. 相似文献
16.
模糊综合评价法在水质变化和水体管理中的应用 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
应用模糊数学中的模糊综合评价法,对徐州市的地面水体的水质变化趋势进行了探讨,结果表明模糊综合评价法能及时发现水质恶化现象,对水体的管理具有指导作用. 相似文献
17.
Pierrick Blanchard Nicolas Hanuise Stéphanie Dano Henri Weimerskirch 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2007,61(5):767-773
Sex ratio theory is one of the most controversial topics in evolutionary ecology. Many deviations from an equal production
of males and females are reported in the literature, but few patterns appear to hold across species or populations. There
is clearly a need to identify fitness effects of sex ratio variation. We studied this aspect in a population of a long-lived
seabird, the wandering albatross (Diomedea exulans), using molecular sex-identification techniques. We report that parental traits affect both (1) fledgling traits in a sex-dependent
way and (2) chick sex: Sons are overproduced when likely to be large at fledging and, to a lesser extent, daughters are overproduced
when likely to be in good body condition at fledging. Because for the same population, a previous study reported that post-fledging
survival was positively affected by size in males and by body condition in females, our results suggest that wandering albatrosses
manipulate offspring sex to increase post-fledging survival. 相似文献
18.
Fisher's theory of sex allocation predicts that, in a panmictic population, parental investment will be equally distributed between male and female progeny. Most studies on parental investment in nesting solitary bees and wasps use offspring or provision weight as estimators of parental investment and do not corroborate Fisher's theory. The measurement of parental investment may be confounded by several factors. First, the use of offspring or provision size does not account for seasonal variation in foraging costs associated with aging of nesting females. Second, provision or offspring size do not reflect parental investment associated with nest construction. In this two-year study we measured parental investment in a solitary bee. We calculated sex allocation using both provision weight and foraging time as parental investment estimators. Investment in pollen-nectar provisions decreased, while investment in mud structures (nest construction) increased, as the nesting period progressed. Overall investment in provisions per nest was ∼25 times higher than investment in mud. Pollen-nectar foraging trips became longer as the season progressed, but mud trip duration did not vary. Due to weather differences between years, more offspring per female were produced in the first year, but progeny sex ratio and mean offspring size of both sexes were similar between years. Mortality did not differ between sexes. As predicted by Fisher's theory, production cost ratios did not differ from 1 in either year, irrespective of the currency used to estimate parental investment (provision weight or foraging time). Our results strongly support Fisher's theory. 相似文献
19.
Markus??stEmail author Ron?Ydenberg Kai?Lindstr?m Mikael?Kilpi 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2003,54(5):451-457
Both theoretical and empirical work has shown that group size increases with increasing ecological constraints on solitary breeding. Ecological constraints refer to extrinsic factors such as availability of breeding sites, food or mates. Common eider (Somateria mollissima) females pool their broods and share brood-rearing duties, or rear broods alone. Females are often in poor condition at hatching, as incubation is accomplished without feeding, and variation in body condition is largely environmentally induced and thus unpredictable. We found that the intensity of and duration of parental care that females provide is positively correlated with their body condition at hatching. This suggests that body condition is an ecological constraint on successful solitary breeding. We further observed that group productivity in common eider broods is a decelerating function of the number of tending females. As predicted, females in poorer condition (i.e., facing stronger ecological constraints) were found in larger groups. This result is straightforward if solitary tenders can enter any group at no cost. However, if entry is group-controlled, stable groups of non-relatives are predicted not to occur when per capita reproduction declines with group size. The N-person staying incentive model permits groups to form under these conditions, because reproduction is unevenly divided between dominants and subordinates in the group. We discuss the plausibility of these alternative models of group size for understanding the grouping behavior of brood-caring female common eiders.Communicated by M. Webster 相似文献
20.
Many fishes are characterized by intense sperm competition between males that use alternative mating tactics. In externally
fertilizing fishes, males’ proximity to females during spawning can be an important determinant of fertilization success.
Here, we assess how mating tactic, body length, speed during streak spawns, and periphery cover affect males’ proximity to
females during sperm competition in the externally fertilizing bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus). Bluegill are characterized by three mating tactics referred to as parental, sneaker, and satellite. Parentals are territorial
and construct nests, while sneakers use a streaking behavior, and satellites use female mimicry to steal fertilizations from
parentals. We show that a small body length is important for sneakers but not for satellites to obtain a close position to
the female during spawning. Specifically, smaller sneakers obtain a closer position to females than larger sneakers in part
by positioning themselves closer on the periphery of a parental’s nest before streaking but show no difference in the speed
at which they streak. The amount of peripheral vegetation around a parental’s nest did not appear to affect proximity of sneakers
to females, and there was no relationship between the amount of peripheral vegetation and the frequency of intrusions by either
sneakers or satellites. Finally, parentals were farther from the female when a sneaker or satellite intruded than when they
spawned alone with the female. 相似文献