Effect of intermittent aeration mode on nitrogen concentration in the water column and sediment pore water of aquaculture ponds

Nitrogen in pond sediments is a major water quality concern and can impact the productivity of aquaculture. Dissolved oxygen is an important factor for improving water quality and boosting fish growth in aquaculture ponds, and plays an important role in the conversion of ammonium-nitrogen (NH₄⁺-N) to nitrite-nitrogen (NO₂^?-N) and eventually nitrate-nitrogen (NO₃^?-N). A central goal of the study was to identify the best aeration method and strategy for improving water quality in aquaculture ponds. We conducted an experiment with six tanks, each with a different aeration mode to simulate the behavior of aquaculture ponds. The results show that a 36 hr aeration interval (T_c = 36 hr: 36 hr) and no aeration resulted in high concentrations of NH₄⁺-N in the water column. Using a 12 hr interval time (T_c = 12 hr: 12 hr) resulted in higher NO₂^?-N and NO₃^?-N concentrations than any other aeration mode. Results from an 8 hr interval time (T_c = 8 hr: 8 hr) and 24 hr interval time (T_c = 24 hr: 24 hr) were comparable with those of continuous aeration, and had the benefit of being in use for only half of the time, consequently reducing energy consumption.     

煤氧化特性与影响因素实验研究

为分析自热临界温度和采空区漏风风速对煤自燃的影响,在常温(30℃)、中温(60℃)、不同通气量等条件下对滕东煤矿3下煤层煤样进行了煤炭自燃氧化规律实验。结果表明:煤样在60℃氧化所放出的CO量较30℃时高3.4~4.1倍,煤炭氧化速率上升梯度约1.35 ppm/℃;在恒温变通气量条件下,CO气体浓度呈现先减小后稳定的趋势,CO的释放量随通气量的增大而减小;在通气量为50 mL/min(采空区漏风为0.1 m/min)的条件下,煤氧化释放的CO量最大且煤氧化能力最强,应加强最易发生自燃漏风区域的密封防护。     

稳定剂增强的土壤原位覆盖抑制河流底泥氮磷释放研究

采用添加稳定剂的方式增强土壤覆盖对氮磷营养盐的抑制效果。以河流黑臭底泥为试验对象,通过底泥培养试验研究了无覆盖层、土壤覆盖、土壤+H2O2覆盖和土壤+KMn O4覆盖对底泥氮磷释放的抑制效果。研究结果表明:与无覆盖组相比,3种材料覆盖都可抑制底泥氮磷的释放。KMn O4的添加会促进含氮有机物的分解,提高土壤中三价铁含量,H2O2会提高水体溶解氧水平;对于氮释放的抑制效果顺序为土壤+H2O2组>土壤组>土壤+KMn O4组,对于磷释放的抑制效果顺序为土壤+KMn O4组>土壤+H2O2组>土壤组。从抑制氮磷释放效果和环保角度综合考虑,土壤+过氧化氢是最佳的覆盖材料。     

铸铁管输配再生水铁溶出颗粒物特征研究

针对输配水过程中产生的"红水"现象及铁颗粒物溶出对水质的影响,开展了初步的模拟管网中试研究.实验采用内径为100 mm的铸铁管搭建了120 m长管网中试模拟系统,并以北京某再生水厂生产的再生水为水源,进行了单向连续流动和密闭循环流动模拟管网输配实验,并对管网出水水质进行了的连续跟踪监测.中试结果表明,两种方式的实验都发生了"红水"现象;出水水质的p H、总溶解性固体(TDS)、电导率及总铁都有明显升高;实验过程中得到的两种不同颜色颗粒物,它们都包括α-Fe OOH、γ-Fe OOH、Fe CO3、Fe2O3、Fe3O4及Fe O等矿物质;颗粒物颜色可能与颗粒中羟基氧化铁与碳酸亚铁的含量有关;水流速度对于管网中颗粒物的沉积和释放要一定影响;不带内衬的铸铁管不适合作为输配腐蚀性极强水质再生水的管材.     

沉积物金属迁移-转化的影响因素及其规律

沉积物金属的迁移-转化行为和污染风险一直是研究热点。金属污染物在人为或自然因素下进入水体,绝大部分通过沉降作用成为沉积物固定相,如此,底泥也成了河流生态系统中重要的污染源(汇)。受外界条件干扰,沉积物和上覆水体环境条件随之变化,固定的金属污染物很可能会被释放到水体中,对生态环境造成危害。通过文献研究,对金属在水环境中的主要形态,影响沉积物-金属结合物迁移-转化的环境要素及影响机制,金属的生物可利用性和污染风险进行了综述。最后提出应加强对环境参数的变化程度和金属释放的量化关系,沉积物再悬浮-金属释放的预测模型,具有长期稳定性和可持续性的底泥污染修复和控制技术方面的研究。     

The national biological impact assessment program∗

The need to safely field test genetically modified organisms is a critical step in the sequence of research leading to the commercialization of biotechnology in agriculture. To address this need the United States Department of Agriculture has established the National Biological Impact Assessment Program (NBIAP) to facilitate the safe field testing of genetically modified organisms. NBIAP fosters safe field testing of genetically modified organisms through a computerized network for information exchange, facilitation of biological monitoring techniques and by providing support for research in biosafety to develop new field testing methods and better predictive models.     

Preparation of controlled nano-MgO and investigation of its bactericidal properties

Nano-MgO is a good bactericide but with strong alkalinity in water due to its rapid hydrolysis. To control its hydrolysis rate and keep its bactericidal properties, we synthesized nano-MgO microspheres using chitosan-alginate system in this study. The synthesized nano-MgO release-controlled microspheres (nMgO-RCM) were with 0.98-1.20 mm of particle sizes. Also, their embedding ratio and loading percentage was 63.52% and 12.27%, respectively. Based on the characterization results, nano-MgO was only observed on surface of the nMgO-RCM. Its release rate from the nMgO-RCM could be controlled by the chitosan-alginate system, and the observed rate constant (k_obs) increased from 0.0289 h⁻¹ to 0.0358 h⁻¹ with the increment of the dosage from 10 mg L⁻¹ to 80 mg L⁻¹. Furthermore, the nMgO-RCM could maintain pH value lower than 8.5 and colony counts less than 20 CFU mL⁻¹ for at least 120 h.     

基于正交试验的谷物粉尘燃烧特性影响因素研究

为了研究谷物粉尘燃烧特性影响因素，以可食用玉米淀粉为研究对象，通过ZY6243锥形量热仪（CONE）进行了单因素和正交试验，研究了粉尘粒径、惰性介质CaCO3质量分数、热辐射通量对玉米淀粉燃烧特性的影响效应。应用直观分析法和方差分析法定性地研究了各因素对玉米淀粉热释放速率峰值的影响程度并进行了排序，2种方法得出的结论基本一致。研究结果表明:各因素对玉米淀粉热释放速率峰值的影响程度依次为:CaCO3质量分数＞粉尘粒径＞热辐射通量；其中惰性介质CaCO3对热释放速率峰值和引燃时间的影响最为显著。     

Pesticide binding and urea-induced controlled release applications with calixarene naphthalimide molecules by host–guest complexation

ABSTRACT

Three novel calix[4]arene molecule-based 1,8 naphthalimide fluoroionophore for the selective determination of kesoxim-methyl were synthesized and used in pesticide binding studies. The possible interaction between pesticides and fluorescent calix[4]arene molecules was monitored by UV/Vis absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy. When compared the studied pesticides, kesoxim-methyl was strongly quenched the fluorescence intensity of upper rim-modified calix[4]arene. UV and fluorescence titration experiments were also studied to determine both the quenching mechanism and stoichiometric ratio consisted in complex formation. Furthermore, pesticide release experiments were also performed with a fertilizing agent as urea by using fluorescence spectroscopy technique.     

Acceleration of Exotic Plant Invasion in a Forested Ecosystem by a Generalist Herbivore

Abstract: The successful invasion of exotic plants is often attributed to the absence of coevolved enemies in the introduced range (i.e., the enemy release hypothesis). Nevertheless, several components of this hypothesis, including the role of generalist herbivores, remain relatively unexplored. We used repeated censuses of exclosures and paired controls to investigate the role of a generalist herbivore, white‐tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), in the invasion of 3 exotic plant species (Microstegium vimineum, Alliaria petiolata, and Berberis thunbergii) in eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) forests in New Jersey and Pennsylvania (U.S.A.). This work was conducted in 10 eastern hemlock (T. canadensis) forests that spanned gradients in deer density and in the severity of canopy disturbance caused by an introduced insect pest, the hemlock woolly adelgid (Adelges tsugae). We used maximum likelihood estimation and information theoretics to quantify the strength of evidence for alternative models of the influence of deer density and its interaction with the severity of canopy disturbance on exotic plant abundance. Our results were consistent with the enemy release hypothesis in that exotic plants gained a competitive advantage in the presence of generalist herbivores in the introduced range. The abundance of all 3 exotic plants increased significantly more in the control plots than in the paired exclosures. For all species, the inclusion of canopy disturbance parameters resulted in models with substantially greater support than the deer density only models. Our results suggest that white‐tailed deer herbivory can accelerate the invasion of exotic plants and that canopy disturbance can interact with herbivory to magnify the impact. In addition, our results provide compelling evidence of nonlinear relationships between deer density and the impact of herbivory on exotic species abundance. These findings highlight the important role of herbivore density in determining impacts on plant abundance and provide evidence of the operation of multiple mechanisms in exotic plant invasion.