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41.
L. Bdard-Tremblay L. Fang L. Bauwens Z. Cheng A.V. Tchouvelev 《Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries》2008,21(2):154-161
An accidental hydrogen release within an equipment enclosure may result in the presence of detonable mixture in a confined environment. From a safety standpoint, it is then useful to assess the potential for damage. In that context, numerical simulation of the sequence of events subsequent to detonative ignition provides a useful tool, although with obvious limitations. This article describes the procedure, summarizes two case studies, and reviews the limitations. First, a hydrogen dispersion pattern is obtained from numerical simulation of dispersion, using a commercial package designed primarily for incompressible flow. This dispersion cloud is then used as the initial condition in an inviscid, compressible, reactive flow simulation. To force detonative ignition, a sufficiently large amount of energy is deposited in a small region that corresponds to the ignition location. Chemistry is modeled using a single step Arrhenius model. Because the wave thickness is small compared with the computational domain, a fine mesh is needed, limiting the practicality of the process to two-dimensional geometries. This is the most significant limitation; it is conservative. The two cases described in the paper include an electrolyzer, in which a small release occurs, leading potentially to some damage to the enclosure, and a reformer, in which the consequences are potentially more serious. 相似文献
42.
以市政供水管网钢管管垢为研究对象,将垢层由外向内分为表层、硬壳层和疏松多孔层.利用SEM、BET、XRD、XPS和分形态提取等技术对预吸附Cr(Ⅵ)前后的各层管垢进行表征和分析,并探究了pH值、SO42-浓度和温度对各层管垢中Cr释放的影响.结果显示,钢管各层管垢的主要成分均为α-FeOOH,吸附性能排序为表层>疏松多孔层>硬壳层,管垢中铁元素大多以三价和二价形式存在,具有一定还原性.Cr(Ⅵ)通过物理和化学吸附富集于管垢,主要以铁锰氧化物结合态存在,表层管垢富集量最大.酸性环境、SO42-浓度和温度的升高均会促进Cr的释放.强酸性条件下表层Cr释放浓度为中性条件下的2.76倍;SO42-浓度增加使各层管垢的Cr释放量增加0.1~0.4倍;温度升高20℃,表层管垢的Cr释放量增加26.74%. 相似文献
43.
为预测评估过硫酸盐缓释材料的释放性能,对释放过程模型的构建以及模型的验证进行了研究。借助微积分思想,从材料体的概化分割、初始条件设定、每个小单元的状态标定、各个小单元中过硫酸钾的迁移变化量以及材料最外层释放过硫酸盐的量5个方面构建过硫酸盐缓释材料释放模型,利用Excel-VBA编程实现其释放过程模拟。采用欧盟标准NEN7375测试过硫酸盐缓释材料释放性能并获得模型参数。通过输入相关模型参数得到过硫酸盐动态迁移过程及其释放特征曲线,并利用实测数据与模拟数据进行拟合校验。结果表明,模型模拟值与实测值拟合较好,平均误差为1.88%,表明该模型设计合理,能够准确模拟过硫酸盐缓释材料释放过程,可作为缓释材料优化设计工具。 相似文献
44.
Anju A. Kenge Ping H. Liao Kwang V. Lo 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2013,48(6):606-612
The microwave enhanced advanced oxidation process (MW/H2O2-AOP) was used to treat separated solid dairy manure for nutrient release and solids reduction. The MW/H2O2-AOP was conducted at a microwave temperature of 120°C for 10 minutes, and at three pH conditions of 3.5, 7.3 and 12. The hydrogen peroxide dosage at approximately 2 mL per 1% TS for a 30 mL sample was used in this study, reflecting a range of 0.53–0.75 g H2O2/g dry sludge. The results indicated that substantial quantities of nutrients could be released into the solution at pH of 3.5. However, at neutral and basic conditions only volatile fatty acids and soluble chemical oxygen demand could be released. The analyses on orthophosphate, soluble chemical oxygen demands and volatile fatty acids were re-examined for dairy manure. It was found that the orthophosphate concentration for untreated samples at a higher % total solids (TS) was suppressed and lesser than actual. To overcome this difficulty, the initial orthophosphate concentration had to be measured at 0.5% TS. 相似文献
45.
Jitendra Kumar Najam A. Shakil Manish K. Singh Pankaj Mukesh K. Singh Alka Pandey 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2013,48(4):310-314
Controlled release (CR) formulations of azadirachtin-A, a bioactive constituent derived from the seed of Azadirachta indica A. Juss (Meliaceae), have been prepared using commercially available polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene glycol (PEG) and laboratory synthesized poly ethylene glycol–based amphiphilic copolymers. Copolymers of polyethylene glycol and various dimethyl esters, which self assemble into nano micellar aggregates in aqueous media, have been synthesized. The kinetics of azadirachtin-A, release in water from the different formulations was studied. Release from the commercial polyethylene glycol (PEG) formulation was faster than the other CR formulations. The rate of release of encapsulated azadirachtin-A from nano micellar aggregates is reduced by increasing the molecular weight of PEG. The diffusion exponent (n value) of azadirachtin-A, in water ranged from 0.47 to 1.18 in the tested formulations. The release was diffusion controlled with a half release time (t1/2) of 3.05 to 42.80 days in water from different matrices. The results suggest that depending upon the polymer matrix used, the application rate of azadirachtin-A can be optimized to achieve insect control at the desired level and period. 相似文献
46.
47.
采用室内模拟实验方法,研究环境因子(温度、pH、扰动强度、供气量)对底泥释放COD的影响。结果表明,水温升高能加速底泥中有机质的释放;上覆水在弱酸至中性条件下底泥释放有机质最低;扰动上覆水体会加快有机质的释放。 相似文献
48.
The present study employed ozonation process to treat the bamboo industry wastewater (BIWW). The impact of ozone dosage and initial organic concentration on color, COD and TOC removal rates were studied along with characterization of the major organics in raw and treated wastewater. The results suggested the ozone dosage of 3.15 g h−1 (concentration 52.5 mg L−1) was suitable for the treatment. After 25 min ozonation of 1 L raw wastewater, the color, COD and TOC removal efficiencies were 95%, 56% and 40%, respectively, with an influent COD concentration of 835 mg L−1. The ratio of kg O3 kg−1 COD at 3.15 g h−1 was 2.8 (<3), revealing that ozonation was a cost effective process for tertiary treatment of BIWW. Longer oxidization time was required to achieve similar results for raw wastewater with higher COD concentration. The chromatogram from gel permeation chromatography revealed that ozonation resulted in the breakdown of high molecular weight compounds into lower molecular weight components but could not completely mineralize the organic matter. The majority of these compounds were identified in both raw and ozonated samples via GC-MS analysis. In addition to ester derivatives as the main intermediates of ozonation, 1-chloroctadecane, methyl stearate, benzophenone and α-cyperone were identified as the by-products of ozonation. 相似文献
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