A WATER QUALITY‐BASED APPROACH FOR WATERSHED WIDE BMP STRATEGIES1

ABSTRACT: Watershed management strategies generally involve controlling nonpoint source pollution by implementing various best management practices (BMPs). Currently, stormwater management programs in most states use a performance‐based approach to implement onsite BMPs. This approach fails to link the onsite BMP performance directly to receiving water quality benefits, and it does not take into account the combined treatment effects of all the stormwater management practices within a watershed. To address these issues, this paper proposes a water quality‐based BMP planning approach for effective nonpoint source pollution control at a watershed scale. A coupled modeling system consisting of a watershed model (HSPF) and a receiving water quality model (CE‐QUAL‐W2) was developed to establish the linkage between BMP performance and receiving water quality targets. A Monte Carlo simulation approach was utilized to develop alternative BMP strategies at a watershed level. The developed methodology was applied to the Swift Creek Reservoir watershed in Virginia, and the results show that the proposed approach allows for the development of BMP strategies that lead to full compliance with water quality requirements.     

“一一·二四”海难渤海风场的数值模拟

用中尺度数值模式 ＭＭ５对 １９９９年 １１月 ２４日烟台附近发生重大海难事故的渤海风场进行了数值模 拟，探讨了该次冷锋大风的风场特征和影响机制．结果表明：用９０ｋｍ的粗网格可以成功地模拟地面冷高压 与锋面的发展和移动，以及高空环流形势的演变．而通过３０ｋｍ细网格的模拟发现，在冷锋后的行星边界层 中．存在着一条宽度为 ２００ ｋｉｎ的中尺度强风带，最大风速位于 ９２５ｈＰａ，它与高空的极锋急流并不相连；细 网格还模拟出了渤海中尺度低压的发展过程，它使近地面层大风的强度显著加强．模拟还表明，海陆差异对 近地面的风场分布有重要的影响，强风带移入渤海后，在渤海海域形成一个 ２００—３００ ｋｍ的中尺度强风 区．因此，采用具有较高分辨率的中尺度数值模式，对提高渤海大风的预报水平，避兔海难事故的发生更具 有重要意义．     

CFD Prediction of Air Quality in the Area between Two City Vehicular Tunnels Considering Moving Cars

Concentration fields of different pollutants that spread outside two roadtunnels predicted with a CFD code will be presented. The solution domain represents the city area located between two tunnel outlets – tunnel Strahov and tunnel Mrazovka in Prague. The vicinity of both tunnels is a heavily built up area with tall buildings forming typical street canyons. The CFD modelling predicts the situation after the tunnel Mrazovka will be finished and traffic will increase considerably between both tunnels. Namely, an interest was given to the prediction of dispersion of emissions leaving both tunnel and the area touched by the traffic. For the CFD predictions, a method previously developed for moving vehicles was used. The method uses combination of Eulerian and Lagrangian approaches to moving objects and is capable of modeling different speeds and traffic rates of cars as well as traffic-induced turbulence. Influence of several meteorological parameters was studied, namely wind speed and direction and traffic parameters, like traffic rates and speed of cars. The method separates contributions from different sources to the total concentration field, namely from background, tunnel outlet and roadway. Results are presented in the form of horizontal and vertical concentration fields of NO_x.     

计算流体力学(CFD)中的迭代法及其并行计算方法

应用计算流体力学 (CFD)方法分析事故原因已被广泛采用 ,笔者针对事故理论分析和流体计算过程中 ,运用CFD方法所存在计算量大的问题 ,分析和讨论了几种古典迭代法及其并行计算方法     

C6H12N4+Mg+KClO4+SrSO4系统的振荡控制和安全分析

从实验和数值分析两方面研究了C6Hl2N 4+Mg+KClO4+SrSO4反应系统的振荡燃烧现象,并对反应机理进行了深层次的分析.结果表明,振荡燃烧是由化学动力学的非线性反馈引起的,即:反应系统中镁的三相与氧气的相互竞争反应造成系统的非线性化学振荡燃烧.氧化剂和可燃剂的比值,以及频率调节剂等吸热物质可调节气相镁的生成速率,能有效地控制药剂的振荡频率.选取适当的控制参数,可以使反应按照预定的、安全的过程进行,避免爆燃的产生.本文的研究结果对化工、军事等领域的安全控制具有重要意义.     

烟气扩散的CFD数值模拟

运用商业CFD软件Fluent模拟计算小尺寸下的简单烟气扩散规律.将结果用正态分布假设下的高斯烟羽模型验证.证明该软件模拟烟气扩散问题的可行性.     

天津市城区暴雨沥涝仿真模拟系统的研究

天津市位于黄河水系尾闾，是我国北方重要的工业和港口城市。该市历史上一直遭受洪涝灾害的威胁，加之近几年市区范围不断扩大，不透水面积增加，排水能力远远不能适应城市的发展要求，城市沥涝问题日趋严重。为了掌握天津市暴雨沥涝的规律，减轻洪涝灾害对该市的影响，作者利用二维不恒定流水动力学模型和计算机信息管理及图形技术，采用Power Station Fortran 4.0和Visual Basic5.0编程语言，在Widows98环境下开发了天津市暴雨沥涝仿真模拟系统。该系统首次实现了从城市暴雨预报、监测到城市暴雨沥涝仿真模拟的研究， 不仅能够处理实时的不均匀的降雨信息，还能处理数值预报模型的预报降雨信息。系统的信息前后处理模块用图形方式管理仿真模型的各类信息，方便用户显示、查询和修改，使系统更加完整、实用。     

GROUND-WATER RECHARGE THROUGH ACTWE SAND DUNES IN NORTHWESTERN NEVADA1

ABSTRACT: Most water-resouree investigations in semiarid basins of the Great Basin in western North America conclude that ground-water recharge from direct precipitation on the valley floor is negligible. However, many of these basins contain large areas covered by unvegetated, active sand dunes that may act as conduits for ground-water recharge. The potential for this previously undocumented recharge was investigated in an area covered by sand dunes in Desert Valley, northwestern Nevada, using a deep percolation model. The model uses daily measurements of precipitation and temperature th determine energy and moisture balances, from which estimates of long-term mean annual recharge are made. For the study area, the model calculated a mean annual recharge rate of as much as 1.3 inches per year, or 17 percent of the long-term mean precipitation. Model simulations also indicate that recharge would be virtually zero if the study area were covered by vegetation rather than dunes.     

STREAM TEMPERATURE ESTIMATION FROM AIR TEMPERATURE1

ABSTRACT: Air temperatures are sometimes used as substitutes for stream temperatures. To examine the errors associated with this procedure, linear relationships between stream temperatures, T, and air temperatures, T_a, recorded for 11 streams in the central U.S. (Mississippi River basin) were analyzed. Weather stations were an average 42 miles (range 0 to 144 miles) from the rivers. The general equations, T_w= 5.0 + 0.75 T_a and T_w= 2.9 + 0.86 T_a with temperatures in °C, were derived for daily and weekly water temperatures, respectively, for the 11 streams studied. The simulations had a standard deviation between measurements and predictions of 2.7°C (daily) and 2.1°C (weekly). Equations derived for each specific stream individually gave lower standard deviations, i.e., 2.1°C and 1.4°C, respectively. Small, shallow streams had smaller deviations than large, deep rivers. The measured water temperatures follow the air temperatures closely with some time lag. time lags ranged from hours to days, increasing with stream depth. Taking into account these time lags improved the daily temperature predictions slightly. Periods of ice cover were excluded from the analysis.     

我国矿井环境模拟和控制技术的研究进展

计算机技术的迅速发展,极大地推动了矿井动态通风系统定量分析的研究。本文介绍了我国近年来在矿井火灾时期井下状态模拟和最优控制方面应用新技术获得的进展,并对各种定性及定量分析方法进行比较和评价。文中对建立矿井火灾时期救灾决策系统的研究方向提出了建议,以便能尽快的为矿井灾变时期的救灾指挥决策的实际应用服务。