应用物化法检测废水COD组分SI的研究

溶解性不可生物降解COD(S1)是活性污泥数学模型应用中的关键组分.通过一系列实验验证了应用物理化学的方法检测SI的可行性,并采用该方法对武汉市某大型污水处理厂的SI进行了检测.     

基于基尼系数的化学需氧量排放公平性评估

文章以重庆市各区县2009年化学需氧量排放量为依据,采用资源环境基尼系数法对重庆市各区县化学需氧量排放状况相对于GDP、人口数、水资源量等自然、社会和经济等指标的公平性进行评估,结果表明:基于人口数和基于GDP的环境基尼系数均低于0.4,化学需氧量排放量的区县分配较为公平地反映了各区县人口数、GDP的分布和差异;基于水资源量的基尼系数达到0.738,远高于0.4,化学需氧量排放量的区县分配基本没有反映各区县水资源量的大小;2009年重庆市COD排放环境基尼系数均值为0.436 7,高于0.4,显示其区县分布有失环境公平性。因此,在制定重庆市"十二五"主要污染物总量减排各区县分配计划时,应充分考虑各区县水资源量的大小,制定较为公平的总量分配计划。     

物化法处理生活垃圾渗滤液新进展

概述了物化法处理垃圾渗滤液的研究现状和最新进展,并展望了物化法处理垃圾渗滤液的研究方向。     

Spatial and temporal distribution of the cloud optical depth over China based on MODIS satellite data during 2003–2016

The cloud optical depth(COD) is one of the important parameters used to characterize atmospheric clouds. We analyzed the seasonal variations in the COD over East Asia in 2011 using cloud mode data from the AERONET(Aerosol Robotic Network) ground-based observational network. The applicability of the MODIS(Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) COD product was verified and compared with the AERONET cloud mode dataset. There was a good correlation between the AERONET and the MODIS. The spatial and temporal distribution and trends in the COD over China were then analyzed using MODIS satellite data from 2003 to 2016. The seasonal changes in the AERONET data and the time sequence variation of the satellite data suggest that the seasonal variations in the COD are significant. The result shows that the COD first decreases and then increases with the season in northern China, and reaches the maximum in summer and minimum in winter.However, the spatial distribution change is just the opposite in southern China. The spatial variation trend shows the COD in China decreases first with time and gradually increases after 2014. And the trend of COD in the western and central China is consistent with that in China. While the trend of COD shows a continuously increasing over time in northeast China and the Pearl River Delta.     

一种紫外-可见光谱检测水质COD预测模型优化方法

针对紫外-可见光谱法检测水质COD预测模型的精度低和收敛速度慢等问题,研究了一种基于粒子群算法联合最小二乘支持向量机(PSO_LSSVM)的水质检测COD预测模型优化方法,并引入主元分析(PCA)算法对模型输入光谱数据进行降维预处理,借以提高模型的收敛速度.结果表明,利用粒子群(PSO)算法收敛速度快和全局优化能力,优化了最小二乘支持向量机(LSSVM)模型的惩罚因子和核函数参数,避免了人为选择参数的盲目性,克服了传统LSSVM预测模型的精度较低、稳健性较差等缺点.通过以收敛时间、预测平均相对误差(MRE)和均方根误差(RMSE)为评价标准进行评估,输入样本经过PCA降维预处理的PSO_LSSVM模型的预测能力和输入样本未经过降维预处理的LSSVM模型与PSO_LSSVM模型进行了比较分析,输入样本经过PCA降维预处理的PSO_LSSVM模型预测效果最优,且此算法使用C语言实现,易于移植,这为紫外-可见光谱水质COD在线、实时性检测奠定了基础.     

铁碳微电解法去除石油废水中化学需氧量试验研究

用铁碳微电解法处理石油开采废水中化学需氧量,探讨和分析了pH值、Fe/C比、铁碳投加量和反应时间对微电解处理效果的影响,实验结果表明铁碳微电解试剂的最佳条件为:pH值为3;铁屑投加量为50 g/L,铁碳质量比为1∶1,微电解反应时间为120 min,化学需氧量去除率最高可达39％.本实验优化了铁碳微电解法对石油开采废水预处理的最佳工艺条件,大大降低了石油废水预处理的成本和负荷,为石油废水消减化学需氧量的初步处理提供了理论基础和技术保障.     

白洋淀典型水域COD的组成及各组分贡献

化学需氧量（COD）是我国评估有机耗氧污染的关键指标,为探究白洋淀湖心区和沼泽区天然水体COD构成组分,通过物理连续分级和三维荧光等方法揭示水体中的耗氧有机物质主要组成、来源和影响因素.结果表明,白洋淀COD主要由类蛋白质和类腐殖质溶解性有机物质贡献（59%~93%）,无机物（如Cl^-和NO₃^-等）对COD产生的贡献甚微,可忽略不计;上覆水有机物主要受内生植被降解、沉积物释放［TOC释放通量1.55~2.28 mg ·（m² ·d）^-1］等内源［生物源指数（BIX）>0.8］和人为污染、芦苇台田等陆源的共同影响（1.4<荧光指数（FI）<1.9）,沉积物有机质以陆源（芦苇台田）为主.研究水域COD的组分主要受难生化降解有机物质（RDOC）控制,RDOC在天然环境中降解周期较长,重铬酸钾法会在短时间内迅速氧化大部分RDOC,因此高估了水体的有机耗氧污染水平.     

Deciphering the effect of sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate on up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket treatment of synthetic sulfate-containing wastewater

• UASB reactor can work efficiently with high COD/SO₄^2- ratios when SDBS exists. • Outcome of the competition between SRB and MPA was affected by SDBS. • Presence of SDBS makes methanogens with H₂/CO₂ as a substrate dominant. • Microbial diversity decreases in the presence of SDBS. In this study, the effects of organic sulfur on anaerobic biological processes were investigated by operating two up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactors with sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (SDBS) as a representative of organic sulfur. The results indicated that the specific methanogenic activity (SMA) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiency of R2 (with SDBS added) were higher than those of R1 (without SDBS) when the COD/SO₄²⁻ ratio was above 5.0. However, when the COD/SO₄²⁻ ratio was lower than 5.0, the sulfate reduction efficiency of R2 was higher than that of R1. These results and the observed SDBS transformation efficiency in anaerobic reactors indicate that low concentrations of SDBS accelerate methane production and the continuous accumulation of SDBS does not weaken the reduction of sulfate. Similarly, the calculated electron flux for a COD/SO₄²⁻ ratio of 1.0 indicates that the utilization intensity of electrons by sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) in R2 was 36.48% higher than that of SRB in R1 and exceeded that of methane-producing archaea (MPA) under identical working conditions. Moreover, the addition of SDBS in R2 made sulfidogenesis the dominant reaction at low COD/SO₄²⁻, and Methanobacterium and Methanobrevibacter with H₂/CO₂ as the substrate and Desulfomicrobium were the dominant MPA and SRB, respectively. However, methanogenesis was still the dominant reaction in R1, and Methanosaeta with acetic acid as the substrate and Desulfovibrio were the dominant MPA and SRB, respectively.     

粉煤灰去除污水中COD的实验研究

对用粉煤灰处理污水中的COD进行了实验研究。探讨了接触时间、污水酸度、粉煤灰用量、粉煤灰粒径等因素对处理效果的影响。结果表明：粉煤灰与污水的最佳接触时间为5 h;粉煤灰的粒径和污水的酸度对处理效果影响不大;灰水比1：10时,去除率就可达到90%以上,并且粉煤灰对COD的吸附更符合Freundlic模型。     

中国城镇生活COD分区减排方案构想及保障措施

中国城镇生活COD排放量持续增加,已成为实现国家COD减排目标的首要压力,但目前尚未受到足够的重视.随着国家城市化进程的加快,此压力可能进一步增加,实施城镇生活COD减排势在必行.重点分析了影响城镇生活COD减排的因素及其相关性,以COD超载系数、人均GDP和城镇人均生活COD排放量3个指标为基点,结合各地区城镇人口增长率、环保投资比例,以及国家对四类主体功能区人口承载方面的相关要求,根据近年城镇生活COD排放量变化情况,构建分区分类削减方案,并从行政、法律、经济和技术等方面提出保障COD减排的措施和环境管理手段.