福建省兴化湾大气重金属的干湿沉降

在兴化湾周围采集1年的大气颗粒物及降雨样品,测定分析了Cd,Pb,Zn和Cu 4种重金属的含量及其大气干湿沉降通量随季节的变化规律,并利用Pb同位素对大气颗粒物的来源进行了解析.结果表明:大气重金属的干沉降通量随季节变化不大,而湿沉降通量随季节变化明显.大气干沉降通量中,Cd,Cu随季节变化很小,而Pb,Zn有一定的季节变化,主要是因为降雨对大气颗粒物的去除作用.大气湿沉降通量中,所有重金属元素受降雨量影响显著,另外还与季节和风速有关.除Pb外,Cd,Zn和Cu的湿沉降通量均大于干沉降通量,说明湿沉降在大气对兴化湾重金属的输入过程中起主导作用.而Pb的输入则以颗粒态为主.根据Pb稳定同位素分析,兴化湾大气颗粒物中的重金属主要来源于工业活动.      

基于流域分析方法的湖泊水污染综合防治研究

鉴于流域思想在水污染防治中应用的重要性和必要性,提出了以流域保护方法、流域分析和景观生态学相关理论为基础的流域分析方法该方法将湖泊-流域水污染综合防治的主要内容界定为4部分:子流域划分与污染负荷预测,"源-途径-末端-汇"的污染防治工程和管理方案体系设计,备选技术方案的提出和方案优选,污染负荷的削减率计算和综合方案设计.以四川省邛海流域为例,在将流域划分为6个子流域的基础上,对TP入湖污染负荷进行了计算和预测,并识别出各子流域内污染物的贡献率,分区提出了以水土流失防治、点源和面源控制、河道生态修复、河流入湖口治理和内源疏浚为主体的污染防治方案,该方案可削减TP 22.5 t·a-1,达到了预期目标.     

Controls on Nutrients Across a Prairie Stream Watershed: Land Use and Riparian Cover Effects

Nutrient inputs generally are increased by human-induced land use changes and can lead to eutrophication and impairment of surface waters. Understanding the scale at which land use influences nutrient loading is necessary for the development of management practices and policies that improve water quality. The authors assessed the relationships between land use and stream nutrients in a prairie watershed dominated by intermittent stream flow in the first-order higher elevation reaches. Total nitrogen, nitrate, and phosphorus concentrations were greater in tributaries occupying the lower portions of the watershed, closely mirroring the increased density of row crop agriculture from headwaters to lower-elevation alluvial areas. Land cover classified at three spatial scales in each sub-basin above sampling sites (riparian in the entire catchment, catchment land cover, and riparian across the 2 km upstream) was highly correlated with variation in both total nitrogen (r² = 53%, 52%, and 49%, respectively) and nitrate (r² = 69%, 65%, and 56%, respectively) concentrations among sites. However, phosphorus concentrations were not significantly associated with riparian or catchment land cover classes at any spatial scale. Separating land use from riparian cover in the entire watershed was difficult, but riparian cover was most closely correlated with in-stream nutrient concentrations. By controlling for land cover, a significant correlation of riparian cover for the 2 km above the sampling site with in-stream nutrient concentrations could be established. Surprisingly, land use in the entire watershed, including small intermittent streams, had a large influence on average downstream water quality although the headwater streams were not flowing for a substantial portion of the year. This suggests that nutrient criteria may not be met only by managing permanently flowing streams.     

Toward Reversal of Eutrophic Conditions in a Subtropical Estuary: Water Quality and Seagrass Response to Nitrogen Loading Reductions in Tampa Bay, Florida, USA

Coastal waters have been significantly influenced by increased inputs of nutrients that have accompanied population growth in adjacent drainage basins. In Tampa Bay, Florida, USA, the population has quadrupled since 1950. By the late 1970s, eutrophic conditions including phytoplankton and macroalgal blooms and seagrass losses were evident. The focus of improving Tampa Bay is centered on obtaining sufficient water quality necessary for restoring seagrass habitat, estimated to have been 16,400 ha in 1950 but reduced to 8800 ha by 1982. To address these problems, targets for nutrient load reductions along with seagrass restoration goals were developed and actions were implemented to reach adopted targets. Empirical regression models were developed to determine relationships between chlorophyll a concentrations and light attenuation adequate for sustainable seagrass growth. Additional empirical relationships between nitrogen loading and chlorophyll a concentrations were developed to determine how Tampa Bay responds to changes in loads. Data show that when nitrogen load reduction and chlorophyll a targets are met, seagrass cover increases. After nitrogen load reductions and maintenance of chlorophyll a at target levels, seagrass acreage has increased 25% since 1982, although more than 5000 ha of seagrass still require recovery. The cooperation of scientists, managers, and decision makers participating in the Tampa Bay Estuary Program’s Nitrogen Management Strategy allows the Tampa Bay estuary to continue to show progress towards reversing many of the problems that once plagued its waters. These results also highlight the importance of a multi-entity watershed management process in maintaining progress towards science-based natural resource goals.     

赣南小流域的水文地球化学特征和主要风化过程

对赣南花岗岩小流域进行采样、测试及分析,发现其河水含有较低的矿化度,水化学组成以Na ,Ca2 ,Cl-1和HCO-3为主,溶解性Si的含量明显较高,代表了典型硅酸盐地区河流的相应化学组成.通过Gibbs图分析,赣南流域大部分地区受大气降水的影响比较显著,"蒸发-浓缩"类型的小流域也较多.根据主成分分析和因子分析的结果,定量地估算了大气中CO2和三类岩石对河水中各种离子的贡献比例.与黄河相比,赣南流域受硅酸盐岩风化作用强烈,但主要影响因素仍是碳酸盐和蒸发盐岩,二者对赣南流域溶解质的贡献率分别为42.8%和29.2%,大气中CO2对河水溶解质的贡献率为21.4%,低于世界平均水平.主要风化反应以岩盐和方解石的溶解为主,Si/(Na* K)比值较低,说明风化反应在表生环境中进行,其产物是富含阳离子的次生矿物.     

胶州湾沉积物氮的环境生物地球化学意义

利用氮的分级浸取技术,研究了胶州湾不同粒级沉积物中氮的赋存形态.研究表明,胶州湾沉积物中可转化态氮可分为离子交换态、弱酸浸取态、强碱浸取态和强氧化剂浸取态.不同粒级沉积物中各形态氮占可转化态氮的比例各不相同.在细、中和粗粒级沉积物中,强氧化剂浸取态氮是可交换态氮的优势形态,分别占可转化氮的35.38%、44.38%和58.69%.在中、粗粒级沉积物中,强碱浸取态氮是无机氮的主要赋存形态,分别占可转化态氮的26.31%和25.85%.在细粒级沉积物中,离子交换态氮是优势态的无机氮,占可转化态氮的27.67%.相关分析表明,对于胶州湾来说,沉积物的粒度越细,氮的含量就越高,各形态氮大致与细、中粒级沉积物含量呈正相关,而与粗粒级沉积物含量呈负相关.研究还表明,不同粒级沉积物中氮与浮游植物数量、叶绿素a以及上覆水体中硝酸盐的含量大致都在一定程度上呈正相关,这一方面说明了沉积物对上覆水体元素的含量有着不可忽视的影响,另一方面也说明了沉积物中的氮对海水的富营养化水平有着较好的指示和十分重要的环境意义.     

唐岛湾网箱养殖区沉积物-水界面溶解无机氮的扩散通量

2004-08～2005-05分4个航次对唐岛湾网箱养殖区的10个站的沉积物间隙水和上覆水中的溶解无机氮营养盐（NH⁺₄-Ｎ、NO^-₃-Ｎ、NO^-₂-Ｎ）进行了现场调查, 并使用Fick第一定理对该海区沉积物-水界面溶解无机氮的扩散通量进行了估算.结果表明,网箱养殖区的上覆水和沉积物间隙水中溶解无机氮均以NO^-₃-Ｎ为主,分别占溶解无机氮总量的73.34%和61.45%;上覆水中溶解无机氮（DIN）和NO^-₃-Ｎ含量的季节变化趋势一致,在2004-10达到峰值,NH⁺₄-Ｎ的季节变化稍有不同;间隙水中溶解无机氮（DIN）和NO^-₃-Ｎ、NH⁺₄-Ｎ的变化趋势一致,表现为从5月份到8月份含量逐渐增加,到10月份达到最大,然后到次年2月份又减少;上覆水和间隙水中NO^-₂-Ｎ的含量随养殖进程表现为一个逐步积累的过程.NH⁺₄-Ｎ、NO^-₃-Ｎ和NO^-₂-Ｎ在沉积物-海水界面上的扩散通量分别为5.46、-5.04、8.71 μmol/（m²·d）,NO^-₂-Ｎ的扩散释放对唐岛湾网箱养殖区的水环境质量影响较大.     

福建省泉州湾表层沉积物中重金属的含量与分布

于2004年7月在泉州湾采集了表层沉积物样品,分析了8种重金属的含量和分布。泉州湾表层沉积物中的重金属基本呈现出由河流入海口向湾内及湾口逐渐降低的趋势。据潜在生态风险评价,泉州湾表层沉积物重金属的生态危害程度都较小。     

流域农业面源污染生态工程调控措施

农业面源污染是导致目前流域水环境质量恶化的重要原因。文章从流域水环境状况、农业面源污染现状出发,结合面源污染的特点和研究发展历程,重点探讨了流域农业面源污染生态工程调控的可行性。     

湄洲湾沿海能见度和大气烟尘污染的变化

利用1985～2004年能见度和有烟日观测资料,统计分析了20 a当中,湄洲湾沿海能见度和大气受烟尘污染的变化.结果表明:湄洲湾夏季沿海能见度明显好于冬季,这可能与冬夏盛行风向不同,输送排放污染源地不同以及不同季节天气气候条件相关.湄洲湾冬季和夏季沿海能见度呈显著下降趋势,尤以夏季为突出.污染日在86～199d之间徘徊;1985～1988年是污染"轻微期",年平均污染日101d;1997～2000年是污染"严重期",年平均污染日达186 d.