A comparative study of vocational education and occupational safety and health training in China and the UK

In order to enhance Chinese workers’ occupational safety awareness, it is essential to learn from developed countries’ experiences. This article investigates thoroughly occupational safety and health (OSH) in China and the UK; moreover, the article performs a comparison of Chinese and British OSH training-related laws, regulations and education system. The following conclusions are drawn: China’s work safety continues to improve, but there is still a large gap compared with the UK. In China a relatively complete vocational education and training (VET) system has been established. However, there exist some defects in OSH. In the UK, the employer will not only pay attention to employees’ physiological health, but also to their mental health. The UK’s VET is characterized by classification and grading management, which helps integrate OSH into the whole education system. China can learn from the UK in the development of policies, VET and OSH training.     

Usability of non-standard lower anchor configurations for child restraint system (CRS) installation

Abstract

Objectives: The objective of this study was to determine whether the amount of tension required for proper child restraint system (CRS) installation varies with lower anchor spacing and to determine whether nonexperts can produce adequate tension on wider-than-standard lower anchor configurations.

Methods: CRSs were installed by certified child passenger safety technicians (CPSTs; n?=?6 subjects, n?=?72 installations) and nonexperts (n?=?30 subjects, n?=?120 installations) on a mock-up vehicle seat fixture with lower anchors set at 11 (standard), 15, 19, and 23 in. apart from one another. Each CPST installed a rear-facing (RF) infant base, RF convertible, and forward-facing (FF) convertible into each of the 4 spacing configurations in random order. The CPSTs were instructed to tighten the lower connector strap until the tension was exactly at the threshold between passing and failing the 1-in. test. Each nonexpert installed one CRS model into all 4 spacing conditions in random order. Nonexperts were instructed to install the CRS to the best of their ability. The tension produced on the lower connector strap was recorded via load cell in the lower anchor assembly of the vehicle seat. Resultant tension magnitudes were compared across spacing conditions using matched pair t-tests. The CPSTs’ mean 1-in. test threshold values were compared to tensions produced by nonexperts. Installations were visually evaluated for errors and qualitative usability feedback was collected via survey.

Results: CPSTs installed the infant base with higher tensions in the 15-, 19-, and 23-in. configurations compared to the standard 11-in. configuration (P = .034, .032, and .003, respectively). The nonexperts installed the infant base with higher tension in the 15- and 23-in. configurations compared to the 11-in. configuration (P = .004 and .026, respectively). The RF convertible and FF convertible installations showed no significant differences in tension among any of the spacing configurations for either group. Only 19% of the nonexperts’ installations were tight enough to pass CPST thresholds, and the pass rate did not vary with respect to lower anchor spacing. In feedback surveys, the nonexpert group did not show a consistent preference for either standard or wider-than-standard lower anchor configurations.

Conclusions: The amount of tension required to pass the 1-in. rule did not vary with lower anchor spacing configurations for the RF and FF convertible CRS, but the infant base required more tension in wider anchor configurations. Nonexperts tended to produce less than ideal tension in all configurations, although their tension magnitudes increased for the infant base in wider configurations.     

重大基坑坍塌事故虚拟仿真系统研究

为预防基坑坍塌事故发生、进行重大事故警示教育,以杭州地铁湘湖站北2基坑坍塌事故为素材,研究构建重大基坑坍塌事故虚拟仿真培训系统。对案例事故涉及的设计、施工、环境三大因素的技术问题进行总结,研究了事故链各致险因素及对推动事故发生所起作用,完成仿真系统平台设计和开发工作。系统应用多种制作技术创建工程场景模型,展示深基坑工程复杂的施工工序和空间关系,再现基坑坍塌事故发生发展过程和贴近实际的灾难场景。研究结果表明:仿真系统成果可丰富地下工程教学、施工现场安全教育和安全监察培训的内容和形式。     

石化装置安全仪表系统KooN表决结构的误跳车率定量分析

为了更准确量化安全仪表系统的误跳车率,基于联锁回路SIF中传感器、逻辑解算器、执行机构引发误跳车的不同失效机理和模型,考虑共因失效对误跳车率的影响,提出1种更符合实际并适用于异型KooN结构的新子系统误跳车率计算模型（STR of Non-identical Redundant System,SNRS）。针对SIF回路的误跳车率计算,建立了1种分析安全联锁SIF回路误跳车率（Reliability based Spurious Trip,RST）的计算框架。研究结果表明:以某聚丙烯装置第三反应器保护系统为例,将SNRS和RST方法与目前主流的多种计算方法进行数值计算对比,验证了方法的有效性,能够有效进行定量分析。     

O3对水稻叶片氮代谢、脯氨酸和谷胱甘肽含量的影响

臭氧(O3)被认为是重要的气污染物之一,水稻又是主要的粮食作物,因而准确地评估O3浓度升高对水稻生长发育的影响具有十分重要的意义。采用开顶式气室法模拟研究了O3对水稻叶片可见伤害症状、氮代谢、脯氨酸和谷胱甘肽含量的影响。结果显示,O3污染胁迫会导致水稻叶片产生明显的伤害症状,具体表现为:老叶叶鞘褪绿,有褐斑,直至完全干枯;稻穗小且黄化,籽粒不饱满;水稻成熟期提前等。O3浓度升高对水稻叶片的硝酸还原酶活性有显著影响。当O3浓度为40、80和120nL.L-1时,水稻叶片硝酸还原酶活性与对照组相比均降低,其中,分蘖期分别降低了25.3%、67.4%和86.3%;拔节期分别降低了57.4%、75.7%和97.8%;抽穗期分别降低了91.0%、97.2%和99.3%;乳熟期分别降低了89.5%、89.5%和96.7%。水稻叶片铵态氮和硝态氮含量随着O3浓度的升高而显著地降低,例如当O3浓度为40、80和120nL.L-1时,与对照相比,水稻叶片硝态氮含量分别降低46.3%、52.7%和65.7%,铵态氮含量分别降低6.5%、12.9%和43.4%。O3污染胁迫下水稻叶片脯氨酸含量在不同生长期变化不同,分蘖期、拔节期和抽穗期脯氨酸含量在40nL.L-1浓度O3熏蒸下急剧地提高,但是随着O3浓度的增加,脯氨酸含量又不断地降低。在水稻乳熟期,脯氨酸含量均随着O3浓度的增加而显著地下降。O3污染胁迫导致水稻叶片还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量显著低于对照组,而氧化型谷胱甘肽(GSSG)含量显著高于对照组。当O3浓度为40、80和120nL.L-1时,乳熟期水稻叶片GSH含量分别比对照组降低68.7%、80.2%和78.2%,GSSG含量分别比对照提高494.4%、527.2%和439.8%。研究表明,O3污染胁迫对水稻叶片氮代谢和抗氧化系统产生了极显著的影响。     

21世纪中国环境法制建设的理性回归

本文从近几年我国环境法制建设状况的统计入手，详细地分析了近年我国环境问题的特点和环境法制建设的特点。但是，环境问题在我国仍然非常严峻，我国的环境法制建设仍然有诸多的缺陷，而且新世纪我国社会经济发展呈现出了新的特点。基于此，文章从六个方面对新世纪我国的环境法制建设进行了冷静地分析与思考，并因此得出相应的结论。     

焦作市城市社会生态环境评价

在调查研究的基础上，针对焦作市2000年的城市生态环境现状，构建了城市社会生态环境质量评价体系，由3个层次24个指标组成。对焦作市城市社会生态环境进行单因素和综合质量评价。评价结果表明，该市的城市社会生态环境质量比较差，并存在一些主要社会生态环境问题。最后，针对性地提出了一些改善治理的对策。     

生态经济城市建设的SWOT分析与策略研究——以粤北山区韶关市为研究样本

生态经济城市通过城市生态、经济与社会系统的动态协调,形成一个生态高度有效保护、经济良性高效发展、人与自然和谐相处的整体功能系统,代表了现代和未来城市发展的方向.作为全国首批六个生态文明建设试点地区之一和广东省的生态发展区,韶关市加快生态经济城市建设符合这一发展潮流和趋势.根据SWOT分析方法,对韶关市生态经济城市建设面临的优势、劣势、机遇和挑战进行分析,不仅为韶关生态经济城市建设提供策略依据,而且为其它类似地区的生态经济城市建设提供借鉴.     

某型飞机腐蚀防护及设计改进

目的针对某型飞机的腐蚀问题开展研究,制定结构腐蚀修理和防腐改进措施。方法对外场飞机的腐蚀情况进行统计归类,对现有飞机防护体系进行梳理,分析结构腐蚀原因和防护体系的不足。在对飞机服役地区环境进行实测的基础上,编制飞机地面停放环境谱和飞机结构局部环境谱。研究制定结构防护体系设计改进措施,并通过加速腐蚀试验验证设计改进效果。结果与结构设计改进前的原始状态相比,防腐改进后的结构日历寿命提高1.6~5倍。结论飞机防护体系薄弱的情况下容易引发多种类型的腐蚀问题;系统地对飞机结构腐蚀问题进行治理,才能取得令人满意的效果。     

我国防灾减灾领域学科发展及其专业设置——从学位管理制度谈起

我国高校在防灾减灾类人才培养中存在一些现实困境,如:灾害学的学科地位较低、防灾减灾类学科及专业设置不灵活、学校管理制度及其相关条例的约束等。从我国学位管理制度谈起,通过比较分析国内外高校专业设置与交叉学科发展情况,探讨我国防灾减灾领域学科发展及专业设置对防灾减灾人才培养造成的影响,并提出三点建议:一是加大我国学位管理制度的改革,确保落实高校办学自主权;二是对灾害科学的研究走向系统化、社会化,发展国内高等学校防灾减灾类专业本科教育;三是防灾减灾类专业课程设置从横向和纵向上都要体现综合和交叉的学科属性。