我国农产品贸易中的虚拟耕地交易分析

虚拟耕地是指隐含在农产品贸易中,生产这些农产品过程中所必需占用的土地资源,有意识的在国际农产品贸易中实施虚拟耕地战略,对于平衡国内耕地赤字、保障粮食安全,发挥我国农产品在国际市场上的竞争优势具有重要的理论指导意义。首先介绍了虚拟耕地的定义及其量化方法,接着分析计算了我国谷物、油籽、棉花等几类主要农产品单位重量的虚拟耕地含量,在此基础上,对当前农产品进出口贸易中虚拟耕地的交易现状及未来发展趋势作了分析和预测。结果显示：近10 a来虚拟耕地净进口量出现持续增长,2006年,通过农产品国际贸易净进口虚拟耕地16602903.1 hm²,约占当年全国耕地总面积的12.77%。同时,虚拟耕地净进口量在今后若干年仍将保持增长态势。     

湖北“两圈”区域发展可持续性评价与预测

利用可持续发展指数（SDI）对湖北“两圈”各市州发展现状进行了评价,而后利用9年的人均生物资源生态承载量年平均增长率、人口年平均增长率和足迹承载量比值年平均增长率及2006年相关数据对未来44年进行了预测。结果表明,截至2006年底,湖北省有一半以上国土面积的生物资源开采超过当地土地负荷,人均生物资源生态承载量持续下降,资源日益紧张,呈不可持续发展;武汉城市圈2006年生物资源生态足迹超出生物资源生态承载量的32%;鄂西生态文化旅游圈（简称：鄂西生态圈）除襄樊、荆州、荆门因人口多,生物资源生态足迹较大等原因导致SDI值较高外,其他市州的SDI值均较低;神农架的SDI最小;武汉城市圈人均生物资源生态承载量呈负增长,人口控制较好,足迹承载量比值增长较快;鄂西生态圈人均生物资源生态承载量呈负增长,增长速率大于武汉城市圈和湖北省,人口控制较差,足迹承载量比值增长较慢;按照现有发展模式,无论是武汉城市圈还是鄂西生态圈,无论其当前发展是可持续性还是不可持续的,未来他们都将进入不可持续的发展状态。因此,对“两圈”进行规划时要根据各自发展现状制定长期、科学的发展规划.     

江苏、安徽能源强度比较分析与启示

能源在社会经济发展中具有重要作用。随着能源消耗量剧增,能源供需矛盾、环境问题日益突出,研究区域能源强度变化具有重要的现实意义。采用Laspeyres因素分解法,定量分析江苏省和安徽省的产业结构和产业效率对能源强度的影响。研究发现：（1）安徽省的能源强度高于江苏省的能源强度,不过差距在逐渐变小,利用重标极差法预测未来两省的能源强度会逐渐趋同;（2）江苏省的产业结构发展有减小能源强度的趋势,不过作用过程有波动;产业效率有利于降低能源强度;（3）安徽省的产业结构有助于增加能源强度,作用趋势还在增大,产业效率有利于降低能源强度,降低作用大于江苏省。因此本文提出目前同样的投入应该偏向欠发达地区或能源强度较高地区,这有利于快速取得降低能源强度的成效.     

Negotiation System of Ecological Compensation of Water Source Areas

In view of no generally accepted ecological compensation standards and methods at present,this paper discusses the introduction of the negotiation system to the process of ecological compensation for water source areas.That is,the government in water source areas and the downstream regions of river basins should confirm their respective rights and obligations and then establish their compensation standards through negotiations according to the different purposes of water use.The amount of compensation should be determined in the comprehensive consideration of the quality,quantity and compensation price of water.Through open and fair negotiations,an institutional arrangement will be set up,which can make the water source areas and the downstream regions of river basins fully express their true preferences and their independent choices on the ecological environment.     

长江流域常量元素的分布特征

2003年4月到5月对长江干流及主要支流河水中常量元素（Ca ²⁺,K⁺,Na⁺,Mg²⁺,Cl^-,SO^2-₄及碱度）进行了测定,并对常量元素的含量及影响因素进行了研究。结果表明,长江阳离子以钙为主,占阳离子总量的40%~80%;而阴离子主要为HCO^-₃,占阴离子总量的60%~90%;阴阳离子含量顺序为HCO^-₃>SO^2-₄>Cl^-,Ca ²⁺>Na⁺ >Mg ²⁺>K⁺。长江干流及主要支流河水的常量离子主要来自于岩石的风化,主要受碳酸盐类溶解的控制,硅酸盐类的风化过程较弱。而大气沉降的影响很小,只有SO^2-₄受大气沉降影响较大。长江干流的Na⁺、Mg²⁺、Ca²⁺、HCO^-₃和Cl^-主要来自于上游,下游只是对上游的简单稀释,而没有额外来源。与世界上其它大河相比,长江的常量离子浓度处于较高的水平;温带地区的河流河水中常量离子的含量常处于较高的水平;热带地区的河流河水中常量离子的含量相对较低。     

基于复合生态系统理论的长沙湘江滨水区景观资源评价与优化

近年来,随着我国经济的飞速发展、社会经济的转型,以及人们环境意识的提高,滨水区开发已成为我国城市开发建设的热点。城市滨水区景观规划设计研究对于合理、充分利用城市滨水区景观资源,塑造特色鲜明的城市形象,提高城市生态环境质量,促进城市滨水区开发有着重要意义。从复合生态系统理论的角度,在湘江滨水区景观资源调查、景观资源分类的基础上,运用灰色聚类法对湘江滨水区景观资源进行定量评价,提出景观资源优化思路,探讨滨水区景观规划设计的途径。认为现代城市大规模滨水区更新改造和开发大背景下的城市滨水区景观规划设计,应尊重城市地域性特点、文化内涵和风土人情,并与传统的滨水活动有机结合,保护和突出城市历史格局和风貌特色。     

桂西北河池地区耕地变化及其驱动力Logistic回归分析

桂西北河池地区土地退化严重,耕地少,区域农业发展受限。基于TM遥感图像、DEM等空间数据并结合社会经济统计数据,利用空间分析方法及Logistic回归分析模型,定量分析了1952～2006年桂西北河池地区11个县耕地的时空动态变化规律及其驱动机制。研究结果表明：1952～2006年河池地区耕地总量的变化经历了迅速增加-波动变化-迅速减少-缓慢减少的过程,空间上变化率不均衡,且近20多a间西部地区耕地减少迅速,其变化体现了国家政策的主导驱动作用;根据回归结果提取出7类影响耕地分布的主要解释变量,其中海拔和人口分布为耕地空间分布格局分异的关键影响因素,其次是坡度Ⅰ(0°～5°)、GDP、至主要公路距离、至主要河流距离和至主要城镇距离;不同县之间耕地变化驱动力的解释变量存在差异,且各县耕地分布概率对于海拔、坡度Ⅰ(0°～5°)、GDP这3类解释变量较敏感,而其他解释变量敏感程度较低;东部地区耕地分布的概率更大.     

基于分形理论的江苏沿江城镇体系研究

开放条件下,“全球 地方”作用深刻影响着区域城镇体系,沿江发达地区表现尤其典型。基于分形的相关理论和方法,以2006年为时空断面,对江苏沿江地区城镇体系的空间分布进行实证研究。结果表明：（1）区域城镇规模等级结构服从Zipf定律,首位城市南京在区域城市体系中的垄断性相对较强,但并非处于绝对垄断地位;（2）空间关联维数显示,沿江地区城镇体系的交通网络通达性优良,各城镇间联系紧密;（3）根据分维数和无标度区分析,三大城市群中,宁镇扬城市群分形发育最好,苏锡常次之,通泰城市群分形发育最差;（4）扬州、镇江、南京和苏州的城镇集聚程度较高,分形发育较为成熟;南通、泰州、无锡和常州的集聚程度均较低,分形结构不佳。扬州在区域城镇体系中分形发育最为完善,中心性最好,历史上形成的这种空间格局至今没有变化.     

Metabolism of the Nonylphenol Isomer [Ring-U-14c]-4-(3′,5′-Dimethyl-3′-Heptyl)-Phenol by Cell Suspension Cultures of Agrostemma githago and Soybean

Abstract

The biotransformation of the nonylphenol isomer [ring-U-¹⁴C]-4-(3′,5′-dimethyl-3′-heptyl)-phenol (4-353-NP, consisting of two diastereomers) was studied in soybean and Agrostemma githago cell suspension cultures. With the A. githago cells, a batch two-liquid-phase system (medium/n-hexadecane 200:1, v/v) was used, in order to produce higher concentrations and amounts of 4-353-NP metabolites for their identification; 4-353-NP was applied via the n-hexadecane phase. Initial concentrations of [¹⁴C]-4-353-NP were 1 mg L^?1 (soybean), and 5 and 10 mg L^?1 (A. githago). After 2 (soybean) and 7 days (A. githago) of incubation, the applied 4-353-NP was transformed almost completely by both plant species to four types of products: glycosides of parent 4-353-NP, glycosides of primary 4-353-NP metabolites, nonextractable residues and unknown, possibly polymeric materials detected in the media. The latter two products emerged especially in soybean cultures. Portions of primary metabolites amounted to 19–22% (soybean) and 21–42% of applied ¹⁴C (A. githago). After liberation from their glycosides, the primary 4-353-NP metabolites formed by A. githago were isolated by HPLC and examined by GC-EIMS as trimethylsilyl derivatives. In the chromatograms, eight peaks were detected which due to their mass spectra, could be traced back to 4-353-NP. Seven of the compounds were side-chain monohydroxylated 4-353-NP metabolites, while the remaining was a (side-chain) carboxylic acid derivative. Unequivocal identification of the sites of hydroxylation/oxidation of all transformation products was not possible. The main primary metabolites produced by A. githago were supposed to be four diastereomers of 6′-hydroxy-4-353-NP (about 80% of all products identified). It was concluded that plants contribute to the environmental degradation of the xenoestrogen nonylphenol; the toxicological properties of side-chain hydroxylated nonylphenols remain to be examined.     

Feasibility of vermicomposting dairy biosolids using a modified system to avoid earthworm mortality

Abstract

A laboratory study was conducted to examine the feasibility of vermicomposting dairy biosolids (dairy sludge), either alone or with either of the bulking agents ‐ cereal straw or wood shavings, using the epigeic earthworm ‐ Eisinea andrei. Earthworms added directly to these three substrates died within 48 hours. A system was developed to overcome the toxic effect of unprocessed dairy biosolids. The substrates were placed over a layer of vermicomposted sheep manure into which the earthworms were inoculated. Within two weeks, all earthworms were within the upper layer of substrate. Compared to sheep manure which is a favourable substrate for vermicomposting, the three substrates containing dairy biosolids were more effective in supporting earthworm growth and reproduction. The final products obtained after 63 days of vermicomposting had 39–53% less organic carbon than the initial substrates. Organic fractionation indicated that vermicomposting increased the stability of the materials to biological decomposition. The vermicomposts obtained from the three substrates with dairy biosolids had low heavy metal contents and electrical conductivities, and did not inhibit plant growth when compared with a commercial vermicompost in a bioassay.