Zeolite formation from coal fly ash and heavy metal ion removal characteristics of thus-obtained Zeolite X in multi-metal systems

Zeolitic materials have been prepared from coal fly ash as well as from a SiO₂–Al₂O₃ system upon NaOH fusion treatment, followed by subsequent hydrothermal processing at various NaOH concentrations and reaction times. During the preparation process, the starting material initially decomposed to an amorphous form, and the nucleation process of the zeolite began. The carbon content of the starting material influenced the formation of the zeolite by providing an active surface for nucleation. Zeolite A (Na-A) was transformed into zeolite X (Na-X) with increasing NaOH concentration and reaction time. The adsorption isotherms of the obtained Na-X based on the characteristics required to remove heavy ions such as Ni²⁺, Cu²⁺, Cd²⁺ and Pb²⁺ were examined in multi-metal systems. Thus obtained experimental data suggests that the Langmuir and Freundlich models are more accurate compared to the Dubinin–Kaganer–Radushkevich (DKR) model. However, the sorption energy obtained from the DKR model was helpful in elucidating the mechanism of the sorption process. Further, in going from a single- to multi-metal system, the degree of fitting for the Freundlich model compared with the Langmuir model was favored due to its basic assumption of a heterogeneity factor. The Extended-Langmuir model may be used in multi-metal systems, but gives a lower value for equilibrium sorption compared with the Langmuir model.     

基于失碳速率的煤氧化动力学模型研究

碳元素脱离煤体转移到气态产物中是煤低温氧化过程的一个重要特征.通过对煤自燃气体产物生成特征的研究,提出失碳速率的概念,建立了相应的氧化动力学模型,并从理论及实验两方面予以验证.该模型可较准确地描述煤在程序升温条件下从常温氧化至110℃的过程中失碳速率的变化特征.研究表明,自燃倾向性不同的煤其失碳速率有较大的差异,同一种煤在不同温度段内失碳速率也不同,其活化能和总指前因子均有较大改变;不同温度阶段煤氧化的内在作用机制存在较大差别,仅以某一温度段的特性来衡量煤氧化能力的强弱并不全面.     

贫烟煤氧化热解反应的动力学分析

通过运用热分析的技术研究平顶山烟煤以及郑州嵩枫贫煤氧化热解反应的动力学特性.依据转化率将煤样的TG曲线划分为两个不同的温度区间进行动力学机理函数的探讨.通过对比分析整个TG曲线的氧化受热情况,将线性较好的机理函数带入DSC曲线进行分析验证,并求解出动力学参数以分析其氧化热解反应的特点.研究得出:这两种煤的氧化热解过程相似但同等条件下反应程度不同;在不同的反应阶段其化学反应级数不同并且相应过程中的TG曲线和DSC曲线反应级数一致;煤反应的活化能随着煤与氧反应过程的深入而增加,指前因子随着活化能的增加而增加且煤氧化反应过程是个分阶段的、多步反应以及相互联系促进的过程.     

燃煤电厂烟气排放过程监控系统设计与应用

介绍了燃煤电厂烟气排放过程（工况）监控系统的架构,排放过程监控子系统、参数监测子系统和数据采集传输子系统的实现方式,过程监控采集参数选择方法,模型建立步骤与验证方法。结合实际应用,分析如何判定脱硫设施运转正常,烟气参数监测是否正确,并提出了做好过程监控系统工作的相关建议。     

利用top down控制图评定库伦法测定煤中全硫的不确定度

利用top-down控制图评定库伦法测定煤中全硫的不确定度,通过对标准煤品的多次测试结果计算正态统计量,并对数据的正态性和独立性作判别,在确保数据随机排列的基础上,计算期间精密度标准差,最终得到该项目的不确定度评定结果。     

煤气化过程中气态污染物采样分析的研究进展

通过考察气态污染物采样方法的基本原理,对比分析国内外常压采样系统和加压采样系统的设计特征,选择煤气化过程中5种常见气态污染物为分析对象,列举常用的化学分析法和仪器分析法,为加压气化装置采样系统的设计提供参考材料和建议,归纳了一些有助于提高气态污染物检测数据可靠性的措施,希望能为煤气化过程中（特别是加压煤气化过程中）气态污染物采样系统的设计提供思路和借鉴。     

The lack of microbial degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from coal-rich soils

Analytical techniques used to assess the environmental risk of contamination from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) typically consider only abiotic sample parameters. Supercritical fluid extraction and sorption enthalpy experiments previously suggested slow desorption rates for PAH compounds in two coal-contaminated floodplain soils. In this study, the actual PAH availability for aerobic soil microorganisms was tested in two series of soil-slurry experiments. The experimental conditions supported microbial degradation of phenanthrene if it was weakly sorbed onto silica gel. Native coals and coal-derived particles in two soils effectively acted as very strong sorbents and prevented microbial PAH degradation. The long history of PAH exposure and degree of coal contamination apparently had no influence on the capability of the microbial soil community to overcome constraints of PAH availability. Within the context of the experimental conditions and the compounds chosen, our results confirm that coal-bound PAHs are not bioavailable and hence of low environmental concern.     

Contamination and source differentiation of Pb in park soils along an urban-rural gradient in Shanghai

Urban soil Pb contamination is a great human health risk. Lead distribution and source in topsoils from 14 parks in Shanghai, China were investigated along an urban-rural gradient. Topsoils were contaminated averagely with 65 mg Pb kg⁻¹, 2.5 times higher than local soil background concentrations. HCl-extracts contained more anthropogenic Pb signatures than total sample digests as revealed by the higher ^207/206Pb and ^208/206Pb ratios in extracts (0.8613 ± 0.0094 and 2.1085 ± 0.0121 versus total digests 0.8575 ± 0.0098 and 2.0959 ± 0.0116). This suggests a higher sensitivity of HCl-extraction than total digestion in identifying anthropogenic Pb sources. Coal combustion emission was identified as the major anthropogenic Pb source (averagely 47%) while leaded gasoline emission contributed 12% overall. Urbanization effects were observed by total Pb content and anthropogenic Pb contribution. This study suggests that to reduce Pb contamination, Shanghai might have to change its energy composition to clean energy.     

采煤沉陷区人工林地土壤肥力质量的空间特征

以焦作市韩王矿沉陷区林地土壤为研究对象,测定不同沉陷部位和不同深度土壤中8项肥力指标,基于隶属度函数和灰色关联度分析法,对沉陷区土壤肥力质量进行评价。结果表明：沉陷区林地土壤硝氮、全氮、速效钾、全钾和有机质含量在不同层位之间存在显著性差异（P＜0.05）,上层（0 cm～20 cm）硝氮、速效钾和有机质含量显著高于下层（20 cm～40 cm）;土壤肥力质量在空间上呈现出明显的变化特征,坡中处最高,坡底处最低;速效磷是影响沉陷区土壤肥力质量提升的限制性因子。