Arsenic concentration in porewater of an alkaline coal ash disposal site: Roles of siderite precipitation/dissolution and soil cover

The geochemical behavior of As in porewaters of an alkaline coal ash disposal site was investigated using multilevel samplers. The disposal site was in operation from 1983 until 1994 and was covered with 0.3–0.5 m thick soils in 2001 when this study was initiated. Sequential extraction analyses and batch leaching experiments were also performed using the coal ash samples collected from the disposal site. The results suggest the important roles of siderite (FeCO₃) precipitation/dissolution and soil cover, which have been ignored previously. Arsenic levels in the porewater were very low (average of 10 μg L⁻¹) when the site was covered with soil due to coprecipitation with siderite. The soil cover enabled the creation of anoxic conditions, which raised the Fe concentration by the reductive dissolution of Fe-(hydr)oxides. Because of the high alkalinity generated from the alkaline coal ash, even a small increase in the Fe concentration (0.66 mg L⁻¹ on average) could cause siderite precipitation. When the soil cover was removed, however, an oxidizing condition was created and triggered the precipitation of dissolved Fe as (hydr)oxides. As a result, the dissolution of previously precipitated As-rich siderite caused higher As concentration in the porewater (average of 345 μg L⁻¹).     

中国铀矿冶放射性污染防治"十三五"规划思路研究

首先从放射性废水、废石及尾矿、放射性废气、运输、退役及辐射环境管理等六个方面介绍了中国铀矿冶三废处理现状,分析了中国铀矿冶在放射性污染防治方面所存在的辐射安全状况依然严峻、环境保护技术滞后、退役治理存在较明显的局限性与片面性、铀矿冶标准体系有待完善、地下水污染与控制措施及其研究不够等问题,最后对"十三五"中国铀矿冶放射性污染防治提出了加快铀矿冶退役治理进程、加强铀矿冶废水处理技术研究工作、进一步加强铀矿山井下辐射防护工作、加快铀矿冶退役治理工程长期监护机制的出台、全面梳理铀矿冶法规标准体系的建议,以期为中国铀矿冶领域放射性污染防治提供科学的和系统的工作思路.     

煤炭开发建设项目环境影响后评价初步研究

环境影响后评价作为环境影响评价的延伸,是提高环评有效性的有力手段,目前我国环境影响后评价仍处于起步阶段,其理论和实践都具有很强的探索性。煤炭在我国的能源地位突出,但对煤炭开采建设项目的环境影响后评价研究甚少,文章介绍了国内外环境影响后评价的研究进展,并针对煤炭项目,通过识别煤炭开采的环境影响,概述了其评价指标的选取原则、指标体系的构建和评价方法。     

西南山地铅锌矿区耕地土壤和谷类产品重金属含量及健康风险评价

对西南山地某铅锌矿区耕地土壤（旱地和水田）和主要谷物类产品（小麦、玉米和稻米）进行取样调查,分别测定并分析了土壤和谷物中Pb、Zn、Cu、Cr、Cd、As等重金属的含量.同时,通过Nemero综合污染指数评价了矿区耕地土壤的污染状况,并利用MMSOILS风险评价模型评价了食用当地谷物类产品对成人和儿童造成的重金属健康风...     

山西省煤炭开采环境损失的经济核算

以环境经济学的经济外部性理论为依据,识别采煤过程中生态环境的外部不经济因素,应用环境价值评价法,对这些不经济因素进行量化和货币化,初步建立了省域煤炭开采环境污染和生态破坏经济损失核算体系.以2003年为基准年,核算了山西省煤炭开采环境污染和生态破坏的经济损失量.结果表明:2003年山西省煤炭开采环境污染与生态破坏造成的损失约为286.746 8×108元,折合每t煤损失63.79元.其中环境污染年损失61.979 4×108元,折合每t煤损失13.78元;生态破坏损失224.767 4×108元,折合每t煤损失50.00元.依据该核算结果,1978─2003年山西省累计采煤约65×108 t,所造成的环境损失约为4　100×108元.      

应用于矿山修复的高效菌株鉴定与溶岩机制:基于增强回归树分析

岩石矿区废弃地水土流失问题极度严峻,微生物对修复该问题造成的退化生境具有重要意义,为探究微生物对岩石矿区生境修复的有效性与作用机制,采用两次定向筛选,获得1株高效产铁载体及吲哚乙酸(IAA)的硅酸盐矿物分解细菌,利用16S rRNA基因序列分析鉴定该细菌为Pseudomonas protegens.通过该细菌对硅酸盐岩的岩石分解实验,测定培养液pH值,K、Al、Si这3种元素的释放量,检测岩石溶蚀的粒径变化,并分析培养液中不同有机酸,氨基酸及多糖的浓度变化,研究Pseudomonas protegens NLX-4对硅酸盐的溶蚀效果,同时引入增强回归树(boosted regression tree analysis,BRT)分析,探究其促溶机制.分析表明,该细菌通过代谢积累一定浓度的酒石酸(777 mg·L~(-1))以及多糖(8.21 g·L~(-1)),对硅酸盐岩产生释钾、释铝、脱硅的作用,从而有效促进岩石的分解.菌株Pseudomonas protegens NLX-4可作为修复废弃矿地被破坏生境的良好菌种资源.     

事物安全演化过程的基本理论研究

安全状态的演化过程是事物发展变化过程的重要组成部分.事物的安全演化过程符合从量变到质变的原理,即服从"安全流变-突变"规律.基于事物"安全流变-突变"规律,建立理论模型,并分析和描述事物的安全演化过程.事物"安全流变-突变"规律的研究为揭示事物的安全本质规律奠定了基础.     

煤炭行业推行清洁生产的紧迫性及对策研究

通过对煤炭资源开发利用特征及其对生态环境破坏的现状分析,说明煤炭开采造成的生态破坏已成为我国可持续发展的制约因素.分析了煤炭行业推行清洁生产的必要性,并根据当前煤炭行业清洁生产中存在的问题,提出相应的对策.     

Have government regulations improved workplace safety? : A test of the asynchronous regulatory effects in China's coal industry, 1995-2006

Problem

Empirical studies on the effectiveness of workplace safety regulations are inconclusive. This study hypothesizes that the asynchronous effects of safety regulations occur because regulations need time to become effective. Safety regulations will work initially by reducing the most serious accidents, and later by improving overall safety performance.

Method

The hypothesis is tested by studying a provincial level aggregate panel dataset for China's coal industry using two different models with different sets of dependent variables: a fixed-effects model on mortality rate, which is defined as fatalities per 1,000 employees; and a negative binominal model on the annual number (frequency) of disastrous accidents.

Results

Safety regulations can reduce the frequency of disastrous accidents, but have not reduced mortality rate, which represents overall safety performance.

Discussion and summary

Policy recommendations are made, including shifting production from small to large mines through industrial consolidation, improving the safety performance of large mines, addressing consequences of decentralization, and facilitating the implementation of regulations through carrying on institutional actions and supporting legislation.

Impact on industry

Until recently, about 4,000 coal miners perished annually in China, demonstrating that workplace safety in China's coal industry is an urgent and important issue. This research provides evidence that safety regulations have asynchronous effects and identifies the priorities in improving safety in China's current coal mining. This may assist the Chinese government to design more effective safety improvement policies and improve the effectiveness of safety regulations and safety performance.     

多手段综合分析特厚煤层分层开采覆岩破坏高度

为研究特厚煤层分层开采过程中已采工作面上覆围岩破坏高度,以老虎台矿83002已采工作面为例,分别采用EH-4物理探测、数值模拟和微震监测等多种手段进行分析论证。EH-4探测确定了垮落带和裂隙带位于油页岩层内,高阻区位于绿色页岩和砂砾岩的交界面,F1断层处出现离层空间,数值模拟和微震监测对该结果进行了验证;数值模拟和微震监测综合确定了覆岩破坏高度为400～485 m,为累计采高的6.3～7.5倍。研究成果可对下一分层83003工作面的安全开采进行指导,为类似条件矿井提供借鉴。