地下水环境中反硝化作用

地下水氮污染已是全球性的环境问题 ,反硝化作用是地下水脱氮的主要机制。本文综述了地下水环境中反硝化作用的判据、速率、影响因素以及人工强化措施 ,指出了存在的问题和今后的发展方向     

溶解性有机质在岩溶水系统中的迁移转化及影响因素分析

溶解性有机质(DOM)的荧光物质是一种较好的示踪剂,用于鉴别DOM的来源及其在水文系统中的地球化学行为.该物质在岩溶水系统中的研究较少,并且要作为潜在示踪剂,系统中有很多因素影响其光谱信息.实验选取一典型岩溶流域,通过三维荧光光谱技术(EEMs)和平行因子分析(PARAFAC),结合水化学数据分析,揭示DOM荧光物质在不同岩溶含水空间的组成和转化关系,刻画流域尺度DOM的来源,探讨水化学因素对DOM荧光物质转移的影响机制.结果表明,流域外源地表水和岩溶地表水中的DOM以类蛋白色氨酸为主,浅层岩溶水和深层岩溶水以类蛋白色氨酸和酪氨酸为主.荧光指数(FI)、生物指数(BIX)和腐殖化指数(HIX)的综合分析认为,浅层岩溶水和深层岩溶水的DOM主要来自于内源微生物分解,岩溶地表水和外源地表水的DOM既有陆源输入又有内源微生物分解,且内源贡献占有较大比例.受岩溶水化学参数的影响,3种荧光物质具有明显的分异特征:类酪氨酸物质对Ca~(2+)和HCO_3~-具有较强的适应性,在岩溶水中存在的比例比较大.类色氨酸物质则相反,类富里酸物质则与TDS、浊度、Cl~-、SO_4~(2-)等呈现极显著正相关关系.流域上游浅层岩溶水中的DOM主要来自内源.出露地表以后,其有机质同时来自内源和外源输入.在流域下游渗入深层岩溶地下水以后,DOM逐渐向低芳香烃有机质化合物转化,大分子DOM逐渐减少,荧光强度减弱.主成分分析(PCA)提取出3个主成分,分别为反映岩溶水渗滤、转化、水流条件的水体矿化指标,反映土壤淋滤和自然渗滤关系的TOC、NO_3~-及类蛋白质指标,以及反映岩溶水系统水化学、生物化学过程的Ca~(2+)、HCO_3~-、荧光指数和类富里酸指标.此外研究还认为,总荧光强度,类富里酸物质和类蛋白物质可以分别作为岩溶水快速渗流、转化及岩溶含水层脆弱性的示踪剂.研究结果有助于认识岩溶地下水DOM的生物地球化学循环,进行岩溶系统有机污染控制,为岩溶水系统中物质的地球化学过程表征提供一种新的工具.     

Multi‐strainer model concept for conjunctive pumping of saline and non‐saline groundwater from coastal aquifers

The current paper discusses the multi‐strainer technique developed to augment usable water by the combined use of saline and non‐saline aquifers in locations where a freshwater aquifer is underlain or overlain by a saline water aquifer. The multi‐strainer technique evaluates design criteria for the formulation of multi‐strainer schemes to supply water at an acceptable salinity limit by combined use of the saline and non‐saline aquifers. The design ratio of discharges can be maintained by adjusting the strainers’ lengths in the saline and non‐saline aquifers. The multi‐strainer scheme has been applied in the coastal aquifers of Bangladesh and found to be effective at lowering the water salinity concentrations to acceptable levels, thus increasing the availability of water for sustainable use. The multi‐strainer scheme should be designed based on the thickness of the aquifer layers to be screened, the salinity concentrations of the screened layers, and the level of salinity concentration to be maintained.     

Storm impacts along European coastlines. Part 2: lessons learned from the MICORE project

This paper describes the MICORE approach to quantify for nine field sites the crucial storm related physical hazards (hydrodynamic as well as morphodynamic) in support of early warning efforts and emergency response.As a first step historical storms that had a significant morphological impact on a representative number of sensitive European coastal stretches were reviewed and analysed in order to understand storm related morphological changes and how often they occur around Europe. Next, an on-line storm prediction system was set up to enable prediction of storm related hydro- and morphodynamic impacts. The system makes use of existing off-the-shelf models as well as a new open-source morphological model. To validate the models at least one year of fieldwork was done at nine pilot sites. The data was safeguarded and stored for future use in an open database that conforms to the OpenEarth protocols.To translate quantitative model results to useful information for Civil Protection agencies the Frame of Reference approach ( [Van Koningsveld et al., 2005] and [Van Koningsveld et al., 2007] ) was used to derive Storm Impact Indicators (SIIs) for relevant decision makers. The acquired knowledge is expected to be directly transferred to the civil society trough partnerships with end-users at the end of the MICORE project.     

厦门近海海域海水二甲基硫排放通量的研究

大气环境;环境质量评价;集对分析;联系度;不确定性;      

On the integration of science and management in coastal management research

This contribution presents an introduction to a series of papers on integrated scientific approaches presented at the San Feliu Euroconference on transdisciplinary coastal management research. Coastal management is a challenging area for the integration of social and natural sciences. The papers provide a basis for ongoing cross-disciplinary research.     

土壤渗滤处理技术研究现状与进展

土壤渗滤处理技术在我国广大地区有很好的适应性和可行性,将有很好的发展前景。该文论述了土壤渗滤技术的发展历史和现状,并对近十年来该技术的实验室模拟、机理研究、具体应用实践和运行模式的优化等方面进行了概括分析与总结      

江苏海岸湿地水质污染特征与海陆一体化调控

2000年江苏海岸湿地人海河流河口淡水监测断面有30％的水质处于劣Ⅴ类,满足Ⅲ类水质的仅占10％;近岸海域海水监测断面有50％的水质处于Ⅳ标准。人类扰动的频率与强度的日益加大是水质污染的主要原因,而河流携带大量污染物是水质污染的主要途径。江苏海岸湿地水质污染防治的关键在于流域海陆水环境系统的一体化调控,侧重点是调控技术路线和水质污染控制层次的设计。环境管理控制区划的方案是：横向上由陆向海划分为上游流域、近岸陆域、海岸湿地和离岸海域4个环境控制带;纵向上自北向南以水系汇流特征、行政区划特征、海域特点划分为Ⅳ类环境功能区及若干亚区。     

Assessment of oxidative and UV-C treatments for inactivating bacterial biofilms from groundwater wells

Microorganisms are ubiquitous in natural environments and in water supply infrastructure including groundwater wells. Sessile-state microorganisms may build up on well surfaces as biofilms and, if excessive, cause biofouling that reduces well productivity and water quality. Conditions can be improved using biocides and other traditional well rehabilitation measures; however, biofilm regrowth is inevitable given the continuous introduction of microorganisms from the surrounding environment. Alternative and less invasive well maintenance approaches are desirable for reducing biofilm densities while also minimizing harmful disinfection-by-products. The primary objective of this research was to evaluate effectiveness of alternative treatments for inactivating microorganisms comprising biofilms. A novel approach was designed for in situ growth of biofilms on steel coupons suspended from ‘chandeliers’. After more than 100 days of in situ growth, biofilms were harvested, sampled, and baseline biofilm densities quantified through cultivation. Ultraviolet-C (UV-C) and oxidative treatments including hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), ozone (O₃) and mixed oxidants were then applied to the biofilms in laboratory-scale treatments. Microbial inactivation was assessed by comparing treated versus baseline biofilm densities. H₂O₂ was the most effective treatment, and decreased density below baseline by as much as 3.1 orders of magnitude. Mixed oxidants were effective for the well having a lower density biofilm, decreasing density below baseline by as much as 1.4 orders of magnitude. Disparity in the response to treatment was apparent in the wells despite their spatial proximity and common aquifer source, which suggests that microbiological communities are more heterogeneous than the natural media from which they originate.     

地下水除草剂阿特拉津污染微生物治理的实验研究

采用了从农药厂阿特拉津生产车间排污口污泥中分离出的菌种AT菌,进行了农药阿特拉津的静态降解实验及其污染地下水的微生物治理模拟实验研究结果表明,AT菌在pH值为5.0～10.0时对农药污染质阿特拉津均具有降解能力,且适宜的pH值范围为6.5～8.0;在实验条件(t=10℃,pH=7.5)与野外含水层的条件基本一致情况下,难于生物降解的污染质阿特拉津的一次投菌降解率达到31.08%;同时环境因素也随着AT菌作用的变化而变化,其中,DO、pH随AT菌作用加强而其值减小.另外,设计了细菌的投放方式以模拟野外条件下的菌种投加条件.并且AT菌的作用会造成被治理含水层的渗透性能降低,实验后含水层的渗透系数下降60.54%.清水冲洗10d的渗透性恢复率为48.96%,说明清水渗透恢复的方法效果明显.