Mapping Biological Resources in the Coastal Zone: An Evaluation of Methods in a Pioneering Study from Norway

For many years, the planning and management of terrestrial areas has been supported by a detailed knowledge of the distribution of habitats and their associated species. However, the detailed mapping of biological resources in extent coastal areas, such as the Norwegian coastal zone, is unrealistic due to its enormous coastline. Here, we present a useful and feasible approach and a set of simple, cost-effective methods which are suitable for providing a broad-scale overview of marine habitats and fish resources. This approach was developed in conjunction with a pioneer study conducted along the southern coast of the Skagerrak, where we combined knowledge gathered from local fishermen with scientific knowledge of important species and nature types to establish a coastal sea mapping program. GIS modeling tools were used in both the mapping program and to integrate local and scientific knowledge into digital maps made available to local area management. This multi-faceted approach, which combines local knowledge and scientific methods, provides valuable information with respect to marine biodiversity, and has been used extensively by local environmental management.     

Desorption of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from field-contaminated soil to a two-dimensional hydrophobic surface before and after bioremediation

This study investigated environmental distributions and production mechanisms of chlorinated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (Cl-PAHs) in the sediments from some tidal flats located in Asia. Cl-PAHs were found in sediments taken from Arao tidal flat, Kikuchigawa River and Shirakawa River. The range of ∑Cl-PAHs was from 25.5 to 483 pg g⁻¹ for Kikuchigawa River and Arao tidal flat, respectively.Concentrations of PAHs and Cl-PAHs showed no significant correlations (r = 0.134). This result suggests that the origins of these compounds differ. In the identified Cl-PAH isomers, the most abundant Cl-PAH isomer was 9,10-dichloroanthracene (9,10-di-Cl-ANT) in the three sites. In general, concentrations of Cl-ANTs in the coastal environment are about 3-5 orders of magnitude lower than those of anthracene (ANT). However, concentration ratios between Cl-ANTs and ANT (Cl-ANTs/ANT) in the sediments ranged from 4.1% to 24.6%. This result indicated that Cl-PAHs were not generated under industrial processes but the high concentration ratios have resulted from the contribution of photochemical production of Cl-ANTs in the sediments because ANT is known to have high photochemical reactivity.For examining this phenomenon, ANT adsorbed onto glass beads was irradiated with UV under the mimicked field conditions of tidal flats. As a result, it was noticed that, while chlorinated derivatives were negligible in a light-controlled group, production of 2-Cl-ANT, 9-Cl-ANT and 9,10-diCl-ANT on the irradiated surface were found in this study. These results suggest that photochemical reaction of PAHs can be a potential source of the occurrence of Cl-PAHs in the coastal environment.     

The contribution of ship emissions to air pollution in the North Sea regions

As a consequence of the global distribution of manufacturing sites and the increasing international division of labour, ship traffic is steadily increasing and is becoming more and more important as an origin of air pollution.This study investigates the impact of ship emissions in coastal areas of the North Sea under conditions of the year 2000 by means of a regional chemistry transport model which runs on a sufficiently high resolution to study air pollution in coastal regions. It was found that northern Germany and Denmark in summer suffer from more than 50% higher sulphate, nitrate and ammonium aerosol concentrations due to contributions from ships. The implementation of a sulphur emission control area (SECA) in the North Sea, as it was implemented at the end of 2007, directly results in reduced sulphur dioxide and sulphate aerosol concentrations while nitrate aerosol concentrations are slightly increased.     

江苏海岸湿地水质污染特征与海陆一体化调控

2000年江苏海岸湿地人海河流河口淡水监测断面有30％的水质处于劣Ⅴ类,满足Ⅲ类水质的仅占10％;近岸海域海水监测断面有50％的水质处于Ⅳ标准。人类扰动的频率与强度的日益加大是水质污染的主要原因,而河流携带大量污染物是水质污染的主要途径。江苏海岸湿地水质污染防治的关键在于流域海陆水环境系统的一体化调控,侧重点是调控技术路线和水质污染控制层次的设计。环境管理控制区划的方案是：横向上由陆向海划分为上游流域、近岸陆域、海岸湿地和离岸海域4个环境控制带;纵向上自北向南以水系汇流特征、行政区划特征、海域特点划分为Ⅳ类环境功能区及若干亚区。     

络合萃取技术分离制药废水中的金刚烷胺

以P204为络合剂萃取水溶液中的金刚烷胺,研究了正辛醇和煤油2种稀释剂对萃取效果的影响,分析了萃取过程的络合机理和热力学过程,并考察了该萃取体系对实际制药废水中金刚烷胺的萃取效果。结果表明,采用P204/正辛醇=3：2的复配萃取剂,在初始pH为8.0,在油/水相比为1：1的条件下,金刚烷胺的萃取效率可以达到99.8%以上;以2.0 mol/L的HCl溶液为反萃取剂,可以将51.1%的负载金刚烷胺反萃回收;红外光谱分析表明,P204对金刚烷胺的萃取遵循离子交换和离子缔合成盐机制;萃取过程为放热过程,低温条件下有利于萃取反应的进行;P204/正辛醇复配萃取剂对实际制药废水中的金刚烷胺也具有很高的萃取效率。     

Adsorption of a dye on clay and sand. Use of cyclodextrins as solubility-enhancement agents

Laboratory-scale studies were aimed at elucidating the physico-chemical aspects on the removal process of crystal violet (CV) from waters and solid substrates. The laponite clay (RD) and sand were chosen for the double aim at investigating them as CV adsorbents for water treatment and as substrates which mime the soil components. Sand is very effective in removing CV from waters. The cyclodextrins (CDs) were exploited as solubility-enhancement agents to remove CV from the solid substrates. They are powerful solvent media because they extract the CV from sand forming water-soluble CV/CD inclusion complexes and do not show affinity for sand. Optimum performance was shown by the modified CDs (i.e. hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin and methyl-β-cyclodextrin). A linear correlation between the logarithm of the equilibrium constant for the CV/CD inclusion complexes formation (K_cpx) and the maximum amount of CV extracted from sand in the columns experiments at a flow rate of 1.5 ml min⁻¹ was drawn. This relationship predicts that CDs with K_cpx < 180 M⁻¹ are not suitable for CV removal from sand. CDs failed to displace CV from RD because they generate the formation of RD clusters where CV remains entrapped.     

基于模糊贝叶斯网络的城市商业综合体火灾风险分析

为有效降低城市商业综合体火灾事故风险,首先根据城市商业综合体火灾事故的演化过程及其影响因素的因果分析,构建相应的故障树(FT)和事件树(ET)模型,并将其映射为贝叶斯网络(BN),确定影响因素之间的条件关系;然后采用基于专家判断的模糊理论来确定基本事件的先验概率,构建模糊BN(FBN)模型,以克服风险因素失效概率的不确定性;最后利用FBN建立的城市商业综合体火灾事故风险评估模型进行双向推理和敏感性分析,得出导致不同等级火灾事故的关键影响因素。研究表明:加强防火和防烟分区设计、提高防火分隔设施耐火等级、合理安装防火分隔设施、降低防排烟系统故障率,可有效杜绝高损失风险等级火灾事故的发生。     

海洋气溶胶对沿海地区降水组成的贡献

以青岛地区为对象，对沿海地区大气气溶海洋因子对降水组成的贡献，进行了研究分析。结果表明，１）夏季受海洋影响要比冬季明显得多；（２）降水中主要的碱性物质，不论是夏季或冬季，９９％来自大陆气溶胶，海洋的影响可忽略；（３）海洋影响的程度和离海边的距离有关，离海愈远，受海洋影响就愈小，离海愈近，受其影响就愈大。     

Mn2+协同Fe3+-EDTA在中性pH条件下催化类Fenton降解水中卡马西平

研究了Mn2+协同Fe3+-EDTA络合体催化类Fenton反应,在中性pH条件下对水中新兴污染物卡马西平的降解情况.考察了Mn2+∶Fe3+、EDTA∶Fe3+和H2O2∶Fe3+的物质的量比率、Fe3+浓度和初始pH等关键因素对卡马西平降解效果的影响.结果表明,共存Mn2+能够显著增强Fe3+-EDTA络合体催化类Fenton反应体系的氧化能力.在0.1 mmol·L-1Fe3+、EDTA∶Fe3+为2∶1、Mn2+∶Fe3+为1∶1、H2O2∶Fe3+为150∶1和pH 7.0的条件下,经过20 min反应时间,卡马西平的降解率能够达到100%,表观降解速率常数达到0.6374 min-1.其增效机理是通过Mn2+-EDTA与H2O2反应促进O2·-的产生,进而加速还原Fe3+-EDTA至Fe2+-EDTA,间接提高HO·的产生速率.研究结果能够为水中卡马西平的有效去除提供参考.     

用聚(丙烯酸/丙烯酰胺)水凝胶吸附单价阳离子染料的研究

研究了用聚(丙烯酸丙烯酰胺)[P(AAc/AAm)]水凝胶对较高较大浓度范围(10-6-10-2molL)的阳离子染料碱性藏花红(SafranineT)溶液的吸附过程和水凝胶经解吸后的再吸附性质.实验结果表明:增大P(AAcAAm)水凝胶的交联度和电荷比值有利于吸附过程的进行, 并强化了引发过程(initiationprocess)而抑制了协同过程(cooperativeprocess).水凝胶经解吸后, 其吸附能力大大地增强, 复合度(β)超过1, 约为1.5, 此时, 协同性和染料分子间的疏水相互作用起了主要作用.