A comparative review of coastal conservation policies in France, and England and Wales

In Europe, Britain was relatively early in being aware of the necessity of conserving natural coastal sites, though not as early as The Netherlands. In the 1960s and 1970s, increasing economic and tourist pressures in Europe prompted measures geared to the protection of other coasts in Europe. The promptness of the British reaction was a result of a sensitive public opinion and of powerful private trusts (National Trust with Enterprise Neptune) rather than of a commitment by the Government. In France a specific organization, in part inspired by the British principle, was set up. However, the French system is based much more on a public authority, theConservatoire de l’Espace Littoral et des Rivages Lacustres and on legislation (Coastal Law of 1986). Although very different in the beginning, French and British conservation politics today show many similarities, along with the similarities in the concerns of both countries.     

中国海岸侵蚀危害及其防治

防治海岸侵蚀是减灾防灾的一项重要内容．本文从海岸侵蚀的产生机理出发，针对其造成危害的侵蚀分布特点加以论述，并给出了应采取的整治对策．     

Marine shrimp aquaculture and natural resource degradation in Thailand

Rising demand for shrimp in the developed nations has helped to foster a dramatic growth in marine shrimp aquaculture, particularly in South America and South Asia. In Thailand, Marine shrimp aquaculture is now an important earmer of foreign exchange. The growth in Production has been achieved through the expansion of the culture area and the adoption of intensive production methods. The conversion of near-shore areas to shrimp culture, however, is proving to have many consequences that impinge on the environmental integrity of coastal areas. This paper reviews the development of Thailand's marine shrimp culture industry and examines the nature of the environmental impacts that are emerging. It then discusses the implications these have for rural poor and the long-term viability of the culture industry.     

Large-scale shrimp farming in coastal wetlands of Venezuela,South America: Causes and consequences of land-use conflicts

In Venezuela, large-scale shrimp farming began in the 1980s. By 1987, the Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources (MARNR) had received 14 proposals for approval. A developer illegally started the construction of ponds at the Píritu Lagoon in the State of Anzoátegui before the authorization process was completed. This action triggered a land-use conflict. This study identifies the causes for public protest and determines the consequences of this conflict for land-use management. The results show that public protest was based on the impacts of the partial construction of ponds. These impacts were related to direct removal of wetlands, interruption of natural patterns of surface flows, and alteration of feeding grounds of some bird species with migratory status. Consequences were identified in relation to the role that nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) play in land-use conflicts and the actions that MARNR could take in the future to prevent and solve similar situations.     

人工纳米材料对典型生物的毒性效应研究进展

纳米科技的快速发展及纳米材料的广泛应用导致纳米材料不可避免地释放到环境中。进入环境中的纳米材料可能会对环境中的许多物种,包括从微生物到更复杂的生物体及生物种群和群落,产生毒性作用,甚至会通过食物链传递,给生态系统带来潜在的危险。因此,纳米生态毒理学的研究引起了人们的高度重视。系统评述了纳米生态毒性的主要影响因素,以及纳米材料对单一生物(微生物、藻类、大型溞和鱼)、经食物链传递、在种群和群落水平上的生物毒性效应和纳米材料与环境中其他污染物结合产生的复合效应,最后在总结目前研究现状的基础之上,提出了纳米材料生态毒性效应还需深入研究的若干方面。     

中国海岸地带面临的重大环境变化与灾害及其防御对策

中国海岸地带面向２１世纪的持续发展,面临着相对海面加速上升和热带气旋、风暴潮与低洼地洪涝不断加剧以及海岸环境急剧恶化等一系列重大环境变化与灾害问题。本文着重分析相对海面上升、热带气旋、风暴潮与洪水灾害以及海岸环境污染的特征、演变趋势及防御对策。     

海滨垃圾填埋场渗滤液污染土壤的复电阻率特性

为了解渗滤液污染土壤的复电阻率特性及其与海水入侵所造成的电特性差异,指导海滨场地的污染探测,设计了黏土和砂土两种土壤在水饱和情况下通入不同浓度的渗滤液,测量复电阻率的幅值和相位响应;在砂土中通入与渗滤液电阻率相同的模拟海水对比海水入侵与渗滤液污染所造成的相位差异.结果表明:受渗滤液污染土壤的复电阻率变化明显,0.1 Hz下被2%渗滤液(渗滤液体积占溶液总体积比例为2%)污染的土壤中,与背景值相比,黏土的幅值和相位分别降低了78%和70%,砂土的幅值和相位分别降低了66%和33%,且渗滤液浓度越高幅值和相位的值就越小;而对于电阻率背景值较低的土壤(如海水入侵场地或地下水-海水交错带区域),通入渗滤液后,其复电阻率参数没有明显变化.对比海水入侵与渗滤液污染,受渗滤液污染较轻的土壤的相位略高于海水入侵污染土壤,而当渗滤液浓度较高时,二者几乎没有区别.研究显示正常条件下,复电阻率法对渗滤液污染的反映灵敏,有较好的指示意义,其参数变化主要与孔隙水中金属离子的含量和双电层极化有关;而在天然低电阻率背景条件下,渗滤液污染引起的电阻率变化很小,但相位变化较为明显,这种相位的变化有可能被识别出来.     

Coastwatch UK—a public participation survey

Education and public participation are recognized as important elements of coastal zone management. The current paper describes the Uk’s largest public participation survey concerned with coastal issues. Coastwatch UK involves thousands of volunteers in an annual survey of the coastline. The project has several aims—primarily to provide an insight into the major problems and threats to the coastline and, through the involvement of volunteers, to raise public awareness and aid environmental education at all levels.     

Biotic processes in a coastal dunefield: An assessment of seed removal, with non-native seed removal experiments

The impact of granivores on coastal dune seed reserves may be high, increasing along a landward gradient from the littoral zone as the structural complexity of the habitat increases. Seasonal removal rates of non-native seeds by nocturnal and diurnal vertebrates and ants from experimental seed trays in two habitats within the Alexandria Coastal Dunefield, South Africa, were determined. Overall, seed removal was higher in the dune-field bush-pocket habitat than the landward thicket habitat. Nocturnal vertebrates were the most important seed removers within bush-pockets. The importance of nocturnal vertebrates decreased in the thicket and there was a shift in the dominant seed removers to diurnal vertebrates. Seed removal by ants and diurnal vertebrates did not differ significantly between the bush-pockets and thicket while that of nocturnal vertebrates showed a significant change. This can be ascribed to the abundance of the omnivorous murid rodentGerbillurus paeba exilis in the bush-pockets which is absent from thicket vegetation.     

A method for prediction of extent of microbial pollution of seawater and carrying capacity of beaches

The increase in the number of tourists visiting a coast is desired by most of the countries for economic reasons. However, this increase in tourism may cause pollution of the sea. This can be only avoided by proper planning and by predicting the carrying capacity of the coast in terms of sea pollution. This is especially important for developing countries where part of the wastewater is discharged without any treatment into the sea.In the present study the beaches were classified according to their use — and consequently the amount of waste discharged into the sea — into four groups: (1) coasts that are used only for swimming and recreational purposes; (2) coasts used simultaneously for dwelling, swimming, and recreational purposes; (3) coasts along which only dwellings exist; and (4) natural and man-made harbors, i.e., coasts used as shelters. During the survey,40,320 observations were made between December 1985 and February 1988 to determine the effect of the number of tourists on seawater quality. The results obtained were analyzed by a multilinear regression program to obtain an empirical equation giving the extent of the sea pollution in terms of coliform concentration as a function of population density and some other environmental factors.The equations derived in this study enable the determination of the carrying capacity of a beach in terms of pollution as well as the expected degree of pollution corresponding to a given population density. Furthermore, it allows the prediction of the extra carrying capacity that can be obtained by improving the waste-disposal conditions.