中国污水处理设施建设现状与存在问题研究

污水处理设施已经成为中国区域环境质量改善的主要手段,通过对污水处理设施信息的收集整理、分析研究,明晰了中国污水处理设施的基本现状,分析了可能存在的问题并提出了相应的对策和措施,为中国城市污水处理相关研究提供基础和借鉴。截至2013年底,我国共建成各类污水处理设施6 124处,总设计处理能力1.66亿t/d,处理污水451.6亿t。已建成的污水处理设施规模以低于2万t/d为主,平均负荷率为74.4%。现有污水处理设施存在管网配套不合理、进水浓度偏低、负荷率普遍不足、执行排放标准偏低等问题。应从污水处理设施所在区域特点出发,因地制宜地选择合适的主体工艺类型和设计规模,科学配置相关管网设施,有效提高设施利用率。     

浅谈我国土壤问题特征及国外土壤环境管理经验借鉴

随着我国社会经济的发展,土壤污染问题逐渐显露。而且我国土壤环境问题及污染防治工作在相当长时间内没有得到应有的重视,土壤污染问题逐渐暴露。加强土壤环境管理是我国土壤环境保护的一项基础性工作,具有十分重要的意义。本文研究分析我国与国外土壤环境问题的差异,总结美国、荷兰、日本三个国家土壤环境管理的经验及其借鉴意义,综合考虑我国发展国情、土壤环境问题特征及土壤环境管理基础,确定我国土壤环境管理要依靠"行政推动和法律监管相结合",提出一个涵盖土壤环境法律法规、标准、技术和装备能力建设(监测、监管、监理、风险管控)、人员队伍建设的适应我国土壤环境问题特征的综合环境管理体系。     

昆明交通运输碳排放特征与问题解析

交通运输作为能源消耗重点领域,其二氧化碳排放对温室效应的贡献日益增大。针对昆明交通发展现状,根据IPCC国家温室气体排放计算清单指南,研究和修正昆明本地碳排放系数,估算昆明交通领域能源消耗及碳排放现状。目前,昆明交通运输存在问题是:交通运输以公路方式为主;交通能源消耗结构单一,碳排放以公路机动车为主;交通运输碳排放总量持续上升,人均碳排放量稳定增长;交通管理和保障系统不健全,现代交通意识薄弱。通过首次开展的昆明交通运输碳排放调查,将为昆明低碳交通、低碳城市建设提供数据支撑及合理化建议。     

新农村建设及特色产业发展中的金融支持问题研究——以甘肃省平凉市为例

建设社会主义新农村,是党中央运用科学发展观破解三农问题的新理念和新实践,是中国特色社会主义现代化的必然要求,是建设社会主义和谐社会的战略举措,也是增进农民福祉、惠及广大农民群众的民心工程。金融作为现代经济的核心,责无旁贷,义不容辞的要充分发挥杠杆作用,肩负起支持新农村建设与特色产业可持续发展的历史重任,紧密结合当地实际,不断创新金融产品,积极优化信贷结构,着力提升服务水平,切实解决金融支持乏力、担保机构缺位、农业保险缺失、信用环境不佳等诸多困难与问题,尚需研究和解决。本文以平凉市为例,进行了实证分析与思考。     

环境公益诉讼立法问题研究

随着社会生产力的飞速发展,环境问题日益突出。环境公益诉讼是解决环境问题,保护国家、社会和公众环境权益的基本形式和有效途径,也是最后屏障。从国内一起环境公益诉讼案件出发,借鉴国外特别是美国环境公益诉讼的经验,提出了建立我国环境公益诉讼制度的若干立法建议,旨在探索一条落实科学发展观的环境保护新思路。     

Identification of pollution sources in rivers using a hydrodynamic diffusion wave model and improved Bayesian-Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm

● A hydrodynamic-Bayesian inference model was developed for water pollution tracking. ● Model is not stuck in local optimal solutions for high-dimensional problem. ● Model can estimate source parameters accurately with known river water levels. ● Both sudden spill incident and normal sewage inputs into the river can be tracked. ● Model is superior to the traditional approaches based on the test cases. Water quality restoration in rivers requires identification of the locations and discharges of pollution sources, and a reliable mathematical model to accomplish this identification is essential. In this paper, an innovative framework is presented to inversely estimate pollution sources for both accident preparedness and normal management of the allowable pollutant discharge. The proposed model integrates the concepts of the hydrodynamic diffusion wave equation and an improved Bayesian-Markov chain Monte Carlo method (MCMC). The methodological framework is tested using a designed case of a sudden wastewater spill incident (i.e., source location, flow rate, and starting and ending times of the discharge) and a real case of multiple sewage inputs into a river (i.e., locations and daily flows of sewage sources). The proposed modeling based on the improved Bayesian-MCMC method can effectively solve high-dimensional search and optimization problems according to known river water levels at pre-set monitoring sites. It can adequately provide accurate source estimation parameters using only one simulation through exploration of the full parameter space. In comparison, the inverse models based on the popular random walk Metropolis (RWM) algorithm and microbial genetic algorithm (MGA) do not produce reliable estimates for the two scenarios even after multiple simulation runs, and they fall into locally optimal solutions. Since much more water level data are available than water quality data, the proposed approach also provides a cost-effective solution for identifying pollution sources in rivers with the support of high-frequency water level data, especially for rivers receiving significant sewage discharges.     

环境影响评价报告书编制的主要问题浅析

环境影响评价报告书作为环境管理的依据,由有环评资质的单位编制完成。纵观各持证单位编制的环评报告书,大部分质量不错,但也有部分报告书还存在这样或那样一些问题,将这些问题做一简单归纳,视存在问题普遍程度对其进行了讨论分析。对如何提高环评报告书的编写水平和质量做了分析探讨,与环评从业人员一起共勉。     

A Site-Related Suitability Analysis for the Production of Biomass as a Contribution to Sustainable Regional Land-Use

The use of renewable energy in Europe offers the possibility of reducing greenhouse gas emissions, and contributes to energy security and independence. With the reform of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) and a variety of recently introduced national directives supporting renewable energy sources in the European Union, the economic attractiveness of bioenergy production has distinctly increased. This article combines an economic evaluation of biomass production with site-related natural conditions of the Havelland region, situated in the north-east area of Germany. Two methods for evaluating site-specific potential biomass yields were compared. For three example biomass crops, evaluations of yield estimations at agricultural lots for site-optimized suitability (SOS) and conventional suitability (CS) were carried out. Both modelling approaches were compared. The results of the GIS modelling indicate that the financial support for increasing the use of renewable energy with the German feed-in system, called Erneuerbare-Energien-Gesetz (EEG), will possibly lead to an increased cultivation of crops with high biomass output. This monocultural orientation of farming practices and the negative effects on the ecosystem could act in opposition to other environmental initiatives of the EU. The outputs of the SOS analysis show that high biomass production could be integrated into environmental policy proposals. Therefore, new EU policy should take modified subsidies into consideration in order to avoid developing conflicts between small-scale changes in landscape ecosystems caused by large-scale transformations in energy policy.     

Informing common pool resource problems: a survey of preference for catchment management strategies amongst farmers and the general public in the Ythan river catchment

In principle the protection of environmental resources is in every ones interest, yet it is evident that this is not what often occurs. In some cases there is an identifiable person or corporation, whose environmental impact can be tractably regulated either politically or via market forces. In other cases there is cumulative impact on a commonly held or "common pool" resource, from a variety of users, making establishing rights and responsibilities for resource management more difficult. The water of the Ythan catchment is one such 'Common Pool Resource' (CPR). An intensively farmed catchment also sustaining a sizable population, the consequent nitrate inputs to the water are believed to be the cause of algal matting at the estuary mouth, an internationally designated wildlife reserve. This led to its designation as Scotland's first Nitrate Vulnerable Zone (NVZ). Supported by the EU Life Environment fund, the Ythan Project attempted to foster co-operation between farmers and the wider community of the Ythan catchment to protect and restore the river environment. Throughout the project surveys were undertaken concerning the popularity of the Ythan Project's voluntary approach compared with more individualist or state-organised approaches. Taking CPR theory as a framework, key findings from those surveys are presented and discussed as to their implications for organisational intervention in CPR problems.     

嘉兴市印染行业中水回用率影响因素及对策研究

对嘉兴市3类印染企业中水回用率影响因素进行了全面调查,并对废水排放量大的化纤印染企业开展了典型调查.结果表明:嘉兴市印染企业共354家,小型企业占65.3％,微型企业占16.1％.化纤印染企业占57.6％,其原料和助剂用量最大,废水排放量最高.不同染色工艺中,溢流染色工艺COD产污系数最大,31家化纤印染、22家棉印染...