Positive framing does not solve the tragedy of the commons

We investigate whether positive framing increases cooperation in three social dilemmas with slightly different properties: a linear public goods (PG) game, a non-linear PG game, and a common pool resource (CPR) game. Results from our laboratory experiments show that contributions to a linear PG are higher if the externality is framed positively, rather than negatively, corroborating earlier findings by Andreoni (1995). By contrast, we find no such framing effects in the non-linear PG game or the CPR game. In these games, the best response in the material payoffs is to contribute less if others contribute more, counteracting effects of pro-social preferences. Positive framing therefore does not help to solve the tragedy of the commons.     

江心洲型船闸通航安全问题及改善措施研究

船闸布置在江心洲上后,由于相邻建筑物的动水作用及两汊水流在洲尾的交汇,将会影响船闸的通航安全.为研究江心洲型船闸下游的船舶航行问题,探讨有效的改善措施,结合澧水艳洲枢纽、沅水桃源枢纽布置的共同特点,在物理模型基础上利用船舶模型试验分析船闸下游影响航行安全的因素,研究采取针对性措施后航行条件的改善效果.结果表明:布置隔流堤、导流墩等辅助建筑物只能解决下游靠近引航道出口部分航段的通航问题;综合采用拓宽航槽、优化航线、合理调度、优化船闸布置等措施,可有效减小船体漂移,优化航行环境,保障船舶通航安全.     

微量金属强化餐厨垃圾厌氧消化优化条件研究

采用L9(34)正交试验,研究了CoCl2·6H2O、FeCl2 ·4H2O及NiCl2·6H2O投加量对餐厨垃圾厌氧消化总固体(TS)、挥发性固体(VS)和COD减量及累积产气量的影响,确定了三因素的主次顺序及最优工艺条件.结果表明,当CoCl2·6H2O、FeCl2·4H2O及NiCl2·6H2O的投加量分别为0.1 mg/(L·d)、1 mg/(L·d)和0.4 mg/(L·d)时,餐厨垃圾厌氧消化减量及产气效果均最优.在此条件下,经过25 d单相厌氧消化,餐厨垃圾厌氧消化TS、VS、COD的去除率及累积产气量分别达到46.04％、61.02％、58.24％和27 433 mL/L,比不投加微量金属的处理分别高16.98％、28.12％、27.84％和48.63％.Co、Fe和Ni的投加量对餐厨垃圾厌氧消化TS、VS和COD去除率及累积产气量均有显著影响,其中Co的影响达到极显著水平;Co、Fe和Ni对餐厨垃圾厌氧消化减量及产气效率影响的主次顺序及显著性从大到小均为Co、Ni、Fe.     

基于Labveiw的试验设备集中监控系统设计

中央集中监控系统对于中大型试验场地或试验中心的统一管理、及时响应紧急状况、减少工作强度及人员具有现实而重要的意义。基于Lab View的试验设备的集中监控系统,通过对不同试验设备的适应性改造,以上位机为控制核心。通过以太网主干网络,构成环形以太网,其主要功能为采集试验设备的温度或湿度信号。     

循环冷却水水垢中锌含量测定优化实验研究

对工业循环冷却水水垢中锌含量的测定方法进行了系统优化,主要考察了样品酸度、缓冲溶液添加量、试剂时效性、样品中铁离子量、掩蔽剂量和滴定剂浓度对锌含量检测效果的影响。结果表明:样品酸度控制在pH=4.9~5.1范围内,乙酸-乙酸钠缓冲溶液添加量为30 m L时,锌含量检出值最大,指示剂灵敏度最佳;试剂乙酸-乙酸钠在20 d内使用、二甲酚橙指示剂即配即用对滴定终点的判断效果较好;锌含量测定前应先检测样品中铁离子含量,若铁离子≥40%则应先沉淀过滤后方可进行测定;锌含量检出值随掩蔽剂添加量呈先升后降的趋势,并在3.2 g时滴定效果最佳;滴定剂浓度为0.010 mol/L时锌含量检出值最高;优化实验测定结果接近真实值,方法准确可靠。     

首信尾矿重金属环境地球化学实验研究

为了评估首信秘鲁矿业股份有限公司拟建选厂选矿实验中所产生的尾矿中重金属物质可能对环境造成的潜在影响,本文根据秘鲁能矿部环境事务总局的要求,以首信选厂选矿试验中的尾矿样品为研究对象,分别进行了尾矿摇瓶法试验(Shake Flask Extraction,SFE)、实验室尾矿风化湿筒试验(ASTM D5744-07标准)研究.试验结果表明:首信尾矿中重金属在酸性环境条件下最容易发生迁移转化,其次是模拟海水条件,最难的是超纯水环境。     

Transport and anaerobic biodegradation of propylene glycol in gravel-rich soil materials

Continued input of airplane de-icing/anti-icing fluids (ADAF) to runway adjacent soils may result in the depletion of soil-borne terminal electron acceptors. We studied the transport and transformation of propylene glycol (PG), the major constituent of many ADAF, in topsoil and subsoil samples using saturated column experiments at 4 degrees C and 20 degrees C. The export of soil-borne DOC was generally high, non-exhaustive and rate limited. Retardation of added PG was negligible. Rapid PG degradation was observed only in topsoil materials high in organic matter at 20 degrees C. At 4 degrees C, no significant degradation was observed. Thus, under unfavorable, i.e., wet and cold conditions typical for winter de-icing operations, PG and its metabolites will be relocated to deeper soil horizons or even to the groundwater. In subsoil materials, PG degradation was very slow and incomplete. We found that subsoil degradation depended on the import of active microorganisms originating from the organic-rich topsoil material. The degradation efficiency is strongly influenced by the flow velocity, i.e., the residence time of PG in the soil column. Poorly crystalline iron(III) and manganese(IV) (hydr)oxides are used during microbial respiration acting as terminal electron acceptors. This results in the formation and effective relocation of reduced and mobile Fe and Mn species. Long-term application of ADAF to runway adjacent soil as well as the lasting consumption of Fe and Mn will tend to decrease the soil redox potential. Without proper counteractive measures, this will eventually favor the development of methanogenic conditions.     

基于选择实验方法的北京市空气质量价值评估

科学地评估空气质量的经济价值是政府制定空气污染治理政策的必要前提。近年来选择实验方法逐渐兴起,并被研究者广泛应用于环境价值评估。与其他陈述偏好方法相比,选择实验的一个优势是其具有更高的外部效度。选择实验方法在国内的应用研究尚处在起步阶段。本研究分别在2015年和2016年对北京市居民开展了两次基于选择实验方法的网络调查,在调查数据的基础上采用随机参数Logit和广义多元Logit模型分析了北京市居民对空气质量的偏好,并据此估算了空气质量价值。根据2015年样本的估算结果,雾霾天气(PM_(2.5)超标)和沙尘天气(PM_(10)超标)对北京市居民的平均边际价值分别为6.32元/d和2.69元/d;根据2016年样本的估算结果,两个价值分别为7.72元/d和2.81元/d。上述估算结果在两次调查样本中基本稳定,而且,在多种模型设定下都具有较强的稳健性,与近年来的同类研究结果基本一致。以2016年样本的估算结果为基础,2015年北京市雾霾天气和沙尘天气引起的价值损失分别为239.61亿元和45.13亿元,占北京市当年GDP总量的1.04%和0.20%。进一步研究发现,北京市2015年和2016年空气质量改善的价值均低于北京市政府同年用于治理空气污染投入的财政资金总量,说明资金使用效率有待进一步提高;此外,虽然空气质量对高收入居民具有更高的价值,但是,以收入水平为指标设计的累进税率并不比固定税率更优。     

Persuasiveness,importance and novelty of arguments about Carbon Capture and Storage

Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) is a promising technology for reducing carbon emissions, but the public is often reluctant to support it. To understand why public support is lacking, it is crucial to establish what citizens think about the arguments that are used by proponents and opponents of CCS. We determined the persuasiveness, importance and novelty of 32 arguments for and against CCS using a discrete choice experiment in which respondents made consecutive choices between pairs of pro or con arguments. We used latent class models to identify population segments with different preferences. The results show that citizens find arguments about climate protection, which is the primary goal of CCS, less persuasive than other arguments, such as normative arguments (for example ‘a waste product such as CO₂ should be disposed of properly’) or arguments about benefits of CCS for energy production and economic growth. This discrepancy complicates communication that aims to convince citizens of the benefits of CCS for climate protection.